Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 11 Era of One-Party Dominance is part of Political Science Class 12 Important Questions. Here we have given Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 11 Era of One-Party Dominance.

Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 11 Era of One-Party Dominance

1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
During the first three general elections, Congress won more seats than any other party. Which party stood at number two during these elections? (All India 2014)
Answer:
The Communist Party of India.

Question 2.
Who was the founder of Bhartiya Jana Sangh? (All India 2014)
Answer:
The BJS was started by Shyamla Prasad Mukherjee on 21st October, 1951 in Delhi.

Question 3.
Which political party laid emphasis on the idea of one country, one culture and one nation? (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Bhartiya Jana Sangh

Question 4.
In which year was the first general election to Lok Sabha held? (Delhi 2014)
OR
In which year was the first general election held in India. (All India 2012)
OR
In the first general election, how many seats did the Congress win? How many seats did the next largest party win? (Delhi 2010)
OR
Which party emerged as the second largest party in the 1952 General Elections? (All India 2009)
Answer:
First general election held in 1952. Congress won 364 seats and Communist Party of India (CPI) won 16 seats and emerged second largest party.

Question 5.
When was the Constitution of India ready and signed by members of the Constituent Assembly? When did it come into effect? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The Constitution was ready and signed by Members of Constituent Assembly on 26th November, 1949. It came into effect on 26th January, 1950.

Question 6.
Name the founder President of the Congress Socialist Party. What name was given to this party after 1948? (Delhi 2013)
OR
Name the political party of India which was founded by Acharya Narendra Dev before independence. (All India 2013)
OR
When was the Congress Socialist Party formed in India? (All indin 2009)
Answer:
The Congress Socialist Party was founded by Acharya Narendra Dev in 1948.
The party was named after 1948 as Communist Party.

Question 7.
When and where was the first non-Congress State Government formed after India’s independence? (Delhi 2011)
OR
In which state did the Indian National Congress face defeat in March 1957 Assembly Elections? (All India 2009)
OR
Where and when did the Communist Party come to power in the world for the first time through democratic elections? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Congress party face defeat in Kerala in March 1957 Assembly Elections. The Communist Party won the largest number of seats in the Kerala Legislature winning 60 out of 126 seats.

Question 8.
What were the election symbols of the Congress Party and Bhartiya Jana Sangh in the first general election of 1952? (All India 2011)
Answer:
In the first general election of 1952 the pair of oxen was the symbol of Congress party and lamp (Deepak) was the symbol of Bhartiya Jana Sangh.

Question 9.
Differentiate between ‘one party dominance, and ‘one party system’. (HOTS; All India 2011)
Answer:
‘One party dominance’ simply means dominance of one party in a democratic set up e.g. Congress Party in the early years of independence. On the other hand one party system, means existence of only one party in the country for e.g. Communist Party in China.

Question 10.
Bhartiya Jana Sangh laid emphasis on which two main ideas? (All India 2010)
Answer:
Bhartiya Jana Sangh laid emphasis on the following ideas :

• Reunion of India and Pakistan in Akhand Bharat.
• One country, one culture and one nation.

Question 11.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate word. The Commission of India was set up in January, 1950. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Election

Question 12.
Who was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly? (All India 2009)
Answer:
Dr BR Allbedkar was the chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution.

Question 13.
Why did the critics think that elections in India will not be a success? Mention any two reasons. (HOTS; All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
The two reasons are as follows :

• India was a poor and illiterate country.
• Till mid of the 20th century many countries of Europe had not given uniform rights to all women. In this context India’s experiment with Universal Adult Franchise appeared very bold and risky.

Question 14.
Since 1989 until the elections of 2004 which party has been gaining strength in Lok Sabha? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Since 1989 until the elections of 2004 Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) was gaining strength in Lok Sabha.

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
How did the dominance of Congress Party in the first three general elections help in establishing a democratic set-up in India? (HOTS; Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Dominance of Congress Party in the first three general elections helped in establishing a democratic set-up in India in following ways :

• The coalition nature of the Congress Party tolerated and in fact encouraged various factions.
• It accommodated all the shades of the centre i.e. the revolutionary with pacifist, conservative with radical, extremist with moderate and the right with left.

Question 2.
In spite of token representation in the Indian legislatures during the fifties, what role did the opposition parties play? (HOTS; All India 2014)
Answer:
The opposition parties play the following roles:

• These parties offered a sustained and often principled criticism of the policies and practices of the Congress Party.
• This kept the ruling party under check.

Question 3.
Highlight any two features of the ideology of Bhartiya Jana Sangh. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Mention any two important features of Bhartiya Jana Sangh’s ideology. (All India 2013)
Answer:
Features of the ideology of the Bhartiya Jana Sangh are :

• It emphasised the idea of one country, one culture and one nation.
• It believed that the country could become modern, progressive and strong on the basis of Indian culture and traditions.

Question 4.
Explain the major difference of ideology between that of the Congress and the Jana Sangh. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The major difference of ideology between Congress and Bhartiya Jana Sangh was that Bhartiya Jana Sangh emphasised on one party country, one culture, one nation i.e. Hindu nation or Hindutva. Whereas Congress formed ideological and social coalitions, accommodating social diversities.

Question 5.
When was the Election Commission of India set-up? Who was its first Chief Election Commissioner? (All India 2013: Delhi 2010)
Answer:
The Election Commission of India was set-up in January 1950. Sukumar Sen became the first Chief Election Commissioner.

Question 6.
How did the Congress Party succeed in maintaining its dominance till 1967? (HOTS; All India 2011)
Answer:
Following reasons are responsible for dominance of Congress Party till 1967

1. The Congress was already well-organised party and by the time other parties could think of a strategy, the Congress had already started its campaign.
2. Congress had an organisational network down to the local levels.

Question 7.
What is meant by ‘one-party dominance’ in the Indian context? (All India 2009)
Answer:
One-party dominance means dominance of Congress party in first three general elections held in 1952, 1957 and 1962 in both Lok Sabha as well as in State Assemblies. In 1952, Congress won 364 seats out of 489, in 1957, 371 out of 494 and in 1962 won 361 out of 494 seats Lok Sabha elections.

Question 8.
How has the method of voting changed from the General Election of 1952 to the General Election of 2004? (HOTS; Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Method of voting has changed from General Election of 1952 to the General Election of 2004 in following ways

1. After the first two elections the ballot paper carried the names and symbols of all the candidates and the voter was required to put a stamp on the name of the candidates they wanted to vote for.
2. By 2004 the entire country had shifted to the Electronic Voting Machine (EVMs).

Question 9.
List any two differences between the socialist and communist parties. (HOTS; All India [C] 2008)
Answer:
The two differences between the socialist and Communist Party were :

1. Communist Party believed in revolutionary socialism whereas Socialist party believed in ideology of democratic socialism.
2. The Communist Party’s ideology was titled towards the Soviet Union and China whereas Socialists had no such ideological inclination.

Question 10.
What is meant by coalition government? When was the coalition government formed for the first time at the centre? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Coalition government is a government which is formed by different political parties coming together on the basis of common minimum programme. In 1977, the first time coalition government was formed at the centre under the PM Morarji Desai.

4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
What distinguished the dominance of the Congress Party in India from the one-party dominance in other countries? Explains, (All India 2017)
OR
What distinguished the dominance of the Congress Party in India from other examples of one party dominance in other countries? Explain. (Delhi 2016)
OR
How was one party dominance of India different from the other examples of one-party dominance in the world? (HOTS; Delhi 2008)
Answer:
One-party dominance in India and other country have dissimilarities. Indian political system is multi-party system. During 1952 to 1962, in every election Congress party won the elections. Elections held at regular intervals in India in free and fair atmosphere.

Many other political parties also participated but charismatic, effective and inspiring leadership of Congress leaders and the glorious legacy of Congress party continue the dominance of the Congress party in India. In Countries like China, Cuba, Syria and Mexico, Constitution permit only a single party to rule the country.

The Mexico’s PRI dominated for about 6 decades, but finally it turned into dictatorship. In these countries, election were often rigged and manipulated but in India all things have been done in the light of democracy.

Question 2.
Explain any four reasons for the dominance of the Congress Party in the first three general elections. (All India 2016, Delhi 2013)
OR
Describe any four factors which were responsible for the dominance of the Congress Party in India till 1967. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The Congress party succeed in maintaining its dominance till 1967 due to the following reasons :

1. The Congress party was supported by elites, educated business classes and middle classes people. It also got support from peasants because of its socialist nature.
2. It had many popular faces like Jawaharlal Nehru, C Rajgopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel etc. Moreover Jawaharlal Nehru was charismatic and a very popular leader.
3. Congress worked at upper level as well as at grass root level. Congress was popularised due to the participation in civil disobedience movement.
4. During period of Nehru Ji, Congress attained mass popularity, but the powerful narrow elite of Congress continued to benefit from the low level of political consciousness of the electorate.
5. The traditional localities made Congress, a one-party dominance.

Question 3.
Who founded the Swatantra Party in 1959? Describe any three policies and progrAllmes of this party. (All India 2013)
Answer:
Swatantra Party was founded by C Rajagopalachari in 1959. Three policies and progrAllmes of party were :

1. The Swatantra Party wanted the government to be less and less involved in controlling the economy. It believed that prosperity could come only through individual freedom.
2. It was critical of the development strategy of state intervention in the economy, centralised planning, nationalisation and the public sector. It instead favoured expansion of a free private sector.
3. The Swatantra Party was against land ceilings in agriculture, and opposed cooperative farming and state trading.

Question 4.
Explain any four problems before the Election Commission of India for holding the First General Election. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The Election Commission of India was set-up in January 1950 and the commission discovered that it was not going to be easy to hold free and fair election in a country of India’s size. Following were the problems before the Election Commission of India for holding the First General Election :

• Holding an election required delimitation or drawing the boundaries of the electoral constituencies.
• It also required preparing the electoral rolls, or the list of all the citizens eligible to vote.
• Only 15 per cent of eligible voters were literate.
• The vast size of country was a big challenge.

Question 5.
Match the following (Delhi 2012)

A.	S.A. Dange	1.	Bhartiya Jana Sangh
B.	Shyam Prasad Mukherjee	2.	Swatantra Party
C.	Minoo Masani	3.	Praja Socialist Party
D.	Ashok Mehta	4.	Communist Party of India

Answer:

A.	SA Dange	4.	Communist Party of India
B.	Shyam Prasad Mukherjee	1.	Bhartiya Jana Sangh
C.	Minoo Masani	2.	Swatantra Party
D.	Ashok Mehta	3.	Praja Socialist Party

Question 6.
Match the following (All India 2012)

A.	Acharya Narendra Dev	1.	Praja Socialist Party
B.	AK Gopalan	2.	Communist Party of India (M)
C.	Rafi Ahmed Kidwai	3.	Indian National Congress
D.	Deen Dayal Upadhyaya	4.	Bharatiya Jana Sangh

Answer:

A.	Acharya Narendra Dev	3.	Praja Socialist Party
B.	AK Gopalan	4.	Communist Party of India (M)
C.	Rafi Ahmed Kidwai	2.	Indian National Congress
D.	Deen Dayal Upadhyaya	1.	Bharatiya Jana Sangh

Question 7.
Match the following (All India 2012)

A.	EMS Namboodiripad	1.	Swatantra Party
B.	Balraj Madhok	2.	Socialist Party
C.	C Rajagopalachari	3.	Communist Party of India
D.	Rammanohar Lohia	4.	Bharatiya Jana Sangh

Answer:

A.	EMS Namboodiripad	3.	Communist Party of India
B.	Balraj Madhok	2.	Socialist Party
C.	C Rajagopalachari	1.	Swatantra party
D.	Rammanohar Lohia	4.	Bhartiya Jana Sangh

Question 8.
Highlight the changes introduced in the voting methods in India after 1952. (Delhi 2011)
OR
Describe any two significant changes in the method of voting in India since 1952. (All India 2010)
OR
How has the method of voting changed in India after the first two general elections and until 2094? (Delhi to 2008)
OR
What was the methoa of voting adopted in the first two general elections in India? (All India to 2000)
Answer:
The following changes introduced in the voting methods in India afte’ 1952 :
(i) During the first general election a box was placed in each pooling booth with the election symbol of candidates. Each voter got a blank ballot paper and had to drop into the box of the candidate they wanted to vote for. Initially about 20 lakh steel boxes were used for this purpose.
(ii) In 3rd to 13th general election, ballot paper carried the nAlles and symbols of all the candidates an l votes had put a stAllp on the candidal *s’s nAlle. This technique worked for 40 years.
(iii) In the end of 1990s, the Election Commission introduced Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) and in 2004 it was used extensively all over the country.

Question 9.
Briefly explain the role of opposition parties in India (All India 2000)
OR
What is meant by opposition in a democratic system? Describe any two activities of the opposition during the first two ParliAllents of 1952 and 1957. (Delhi 2010)
OR
During the early years of independence, despite the fact that the opposition parties had a token representation, they played a crucial role in maintaining the democratic character of the system. How? (All India 2008)
OR
List any four activities of the opposition during the ParliAllents of 1952 and 1957. (Delhi to 2000)
Answer:
At the time of Independence, there were many opposition parties and after independence it increased, but it gained only token representation in the Lok Sabha and also in state assemblies. Yet their presence played a crucial role in maintaining the democratic character of the system.

The four activities of the opposition during the ParliAllent of 1952 and 1957 are as follows :

1. These opposition parties offered sustained and principled criticism of the policies and practices of the Congress Party. This phenomena indicated the check and balance of power of the Congress.
2. In 1957, in Kerala, Congress was defeated by CPI and made government, but after that Congress dismissed the Kerala Government under Article 356. It was criticised by the opposition leaders and said that it was the first instance of the misuse of constitutional emergency powers.
3. In 1950, BJS was able to secure 3 seats and in 1957 it secured 4 seats. The party played the role of opposition and started agitation to replace English with Hindi as the official language and also advocated for the development of nuclear weapons.
4. the opposition parties prevented the resentment with the system from turning anti-democratic. These parties also groomed the leaders (young citizens) who wanted to shape
   the India as developed and powerful state.

Question 10.
Match the names of the founders given below with the political parties they founded. (Delhi 2010)

	Founders		Political Parties
A.	C Rajagopalachari	1.	Telugu Desam Party
B.	Deen Dayal Upadhyaya	2.	Swatantra Party
C.	NT Rama Rao	3.	Lok Dal
D.	Ch Charan Singh	4.	Bhartiya Jana Sangh

Answer:

	Founders		Political Parties
A.	C Rajagopalachari	2.	Telugu Desam Party
B.	Deen Dayal Upadhyaya	4.	Swatantra Party
C.	NT Rama Rao	1.	Lok Dal
D.	Ch Charan Singh	3.	Bhartiya Jana Sangh

Question 11.
Explain the functioning of the Communist Party of India from 1920 to 1950. (All India 2009)
Answer:
In 1920 Communist Party of India (CPI) was inspired by the Bolshevik Revolution of Russia and it advocated socialism as the solution to all problems affecting the country.
CPI worked under the umbrella of Congress from 1935 with different ideologies.

In 1941, CPI supported the British against Germany in World War therefore, its relation with Congress was hAllpered. The party raised the voice in Constituent Assembly and said that India was real or merely a facade.

It also encouraged violent uprising in Telangana. There after CPI decided to participate in general election.

Question 12.
How did the prevalence of ‘one-party dominance system’ adversely affect the democratic nature of India politics? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
The one party dominance system tried to establish anarchy and tyranny and brought crisis of the constitutional order. It made the party so powerful that the party dared to challenge the verdict passed by the courts. It also found opportunity to establish wrongful collusion of executive with bureaucracy and thus, atrocities were inflicted. People were gradually denied their FundAllental Rights and wrongful Allendments were made in the Constitution of the Country.

ExAllple of one-party dominance affecting the democracy in India politics can be seen as :

• In 1951 and 1975, Nehru and Indra Gandhi, imposed emergency in Kerala and Punjab respectively.
• In 1975-1977 red-tapism witnessed.
• Defiance to the order of AllAllabad High Court and Supreme Court of India by Indira Gandhi.

6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
“For a long time, Congress Party had been a social and ideological coalition”. Justify the statement (HOTS; Delhi 2014)
OR
“Congress had remained a social and ideological coalition for a long period” Justify the statement. (HOTS: All India 2013)
Answer:
After its origin in 1885 Congress Party evolved as an ideological and social coalition which gave it an unusual strength.
There were many factors for its coalition-like character :

• The Congress began as a party dominated by the English speaking, upper caste, upper middle-class and urban elite.
• With every civil disobedience movement it launched, its social base widened.
• It brought together diverse groups, whose interest were often contradictory.
• Peasants and industrialists, urban dwellers and villagers, workers and owners, middle, lower and upper classes and castes, all found space in the Congress.
• By the time of Independence, the Congress was transformed into a rainbow-like social coalition broadly representing India’s diversity in terms of classes and castes, religions and languages and various interests.

Question 2.
Analyse the reasons for the dominance of Congress Party in the first three general election. (Delhi 2014)
OR
ExAlline any three reasons for the dominance of Congress Party in the first three general elections in India. (All India 2014)
OR
Evaluate any three factors that helped the Congress to continue to dominate the Indian political scenario for almost three decades after independence. (Delhi 2012)
OR
ExAlline the main factors responsible for the rise and fall of the Congress Party’s dominance in India. (All India 2009)
OR
The period from 1952 to 1966 in Indian politics has been termed as an ‘era of one party dominance’. Do you agree? Explain any three factors that helped it in its dominance. (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
The Congress Party succeed in maintaining its dominance till 1967 due to following reasons :

1. The roots of this extraordinary success of the Congress Party go back to the legacy of the freedom struggle. Congress was seen as inheritor of the national movement. Many leaders who were in forefront of the struggle were now contesting elections as Congress candidates.
2. The Congress Party was supported by elites educated business classes and middle classes people. It also got support from peasants because of its socialist nature.
3. It had many popular faces like JawAllarlal Nehru, C Raja gopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel etc. Moreover JawAllarlal Nehru was charismatic and a very popular leader.
4. Congress worked at upper level as well as at grass root level Congress was popularised due to the participation in civil disobedience movement.
5. During period of Nehru Congress attained mass popularity, but the powerful narrow elite of Congress continued to benefit from the low level of political consciousness of the electorate.
6. The traditional loyalities made Congress, a one party dominance.

Question 3.
How was ‘one party dominance’ in India different from the ‘one party system in Mexico? In your opinion, which of the two political system is better and why? (All India 2012)
Answer:
There was a difference between one party dominance in India and One Party system in Mexico. In Mexico, this was a one party system only not dominance because :

1. In India, the Congress Party dominated on behalf of popular consensus but Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) of Mexico ruled on behalf of perfect dictatorship.
2. In India, free and fair elections took place, where the losing of election was also fair but in Mexico, elections were based on malpractices, dominated by PRI.

In our opinion one party dominance-like India is better because this sort of dominance :

• Accommodates social diversities
• Encourage large number of participation
• Ensure democratic spirit as well as maintains the sAlle.
• Bear respect even for opposition.

Question 4.
Explain how the general elections of 1952 in India were a landmark in the history of democracy all over the world. (All India 20o0)
Answer:
Election and people’s representation is the guiding principle of democratic philosophy. And India’s first general election was the big test of democracy in a poor and illiterate country.

The significance of India’s first general election held in 1952 could be understood as follows:

1. It was held between 25th October, 1951 and 21st February, 1952. Earlier democracy had existed only in the prosperous countries i.e., mainly in Europe and North Allerica where nearly everyone was literate.
2. In this regard, India’s experiment with universal adult franchise appeared very bold and risky. Some, scholars state that it was the biggest gAllble in history.
3. Organiser of magazine nAlled ‘Organiser’, wrote that JawAllarlal Nehru would live to confess the failure of universal adult franchise in India.
4. The first general elections which were conducted for 489 constituencies, represented 26 Indian states. At that time there were 314 constituencies with one seat, 86 with two seats and one with three seats. It becAlle a landmark in the history of democracy all over the world.
5. It was no longer possible to argue that democratic elections could not be held in conditions of poverty or lack of education.
6. It proved that democracy could be practised anywhere in the world.

Following steps were taken to hold the first general election :

• The Election Commission of India was set-up in January 1950.
• Electoral roll of eligible voters was prepared.
• Delimitation or drawing the boundaries of the electoral constituencies was completed.
• Over 3 lakh officers and polling staff to conduct the elections were trained.

Value-Based Question (VBQ)

Question 1.
Highlight the circumstances that compelled the socialists to form a separate socialist party in 1948. Mention any two grounds on which they criticised the Congress Party. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
lYie Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was formed within the Congress in 1934 by a group of young leaders who wanted a more radical and egalitarian Congress. In 1948, the Congress Allended its Constitution to prevent its members from having a dual party membership. This forced the socialists to form a separate socialist party in 1948.

It criticised the Congress party on following two grounds :

• For favouring capitalists and landlords.
• For ignoring the workers and the peasants.

We hope the Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 11 Era of One-Party Dominance help you. If you have any query regarding Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 11 Era of One-Party Dominance, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

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Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 12 Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences is part of Geography Class 12 Important Questions. Here we have given Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 12 Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences.

Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 12 Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences

1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Why do people migrate in large number from rural to urban areas in India? (All India 2D1B)
Answer:
People usually migrate from rural to urban areas mainly due to poverty, high population pressure’ on land, lack of basic infrastructure facilities like health care, education, availability of regular work, etc.

Question 2.
Name the ‘urban agglomeration’ having the highest share of the immigrant population. All India 2014
OR
Name the ‘urban agglomeration’ of India that has the highest number of intra-state migration. All Indio 2009
Answer:
In India, Greater Mumbai is the urban agglomeration that has the highest share of the immigrant population.

Question 3.
Name the process of migration from the plain areas to pastures on mountains during summer and again from mountain pastures to main areas during winter. All India 2010
Answer:
The process of migration from the plain areas to pastures on mountains during summer and again from mountain pastures to plain areas during winter is known as ‘transhumance’.

Question 4.
Which stream of migration is dominated by male migrants in India? Delhi 200a
Answer:
Stream of inter-state migration is dominated by male migrants in India because men migrate “to urban areas in search of jobs and better quality of life.

3 Marks Questions

Question 5.
Explain the causes of migration of unskilled migrants from rural to urban areas in India and their sufferings. All India 2015
Answer:
There are various causes which are responsible for rural to urban migration of unskilled and unemployed workers of India.
The main causes are:

• Lack of employment and income-generating opportunities in rural areas.
• Food insecurity due to low agricultural productivity.
• Poverty and starvation.
• Income maximization via better job opportunities in urban areas.
• Inequitable distribution of benefits of economic development.
• Children’s future and more demand for labour in cities.

Sufferings from migration from rural to urban areas are:

1. Migrants often suffer from anxiety due to absinthe nice of family members and children.
2. Migration creates anonymity situation which causes social vacuum and feeling of dejection in people. It finally leads migrants in anti-social activities such as crime and drug abuse.
3. Male migrants leave their wives in rural areas which put extra physical and mental pressure on women.

Question 6.
Explain the main reasons for the migration of males and females separately in India. All Indio 2014
Answer:
The main reasons for the migration of males and females separately in India are as follows:

• They migrate mainly because of employment/work. Only 2% of males migrate because of marriage (only in Meghalaya).
• About 65% of women migrate because of marriage. Only 3% of women migrate for employment.

Question 7.
Explain any three push factors that have caused rural to urban migration in India. Delhi 2013
OR
Explain any three ‘push factors’ which compel the people to migrate from one area to another area in India. Delhi 2012
Answer:
Push factors are those that force people to leave their place of residence or origin. Push factors may include:

1. Poverty and hunger are one of the main reasons in push factors of migration.
2. When people do not find means of livelihood in their home villages, they are pushed out to the nearby or distant towns.
3. Political disturbances and inter-ethnic conflicts drive people away from their homes.

Question 8.
Why do people migrate? State the four streams of migration in India. All India 2012
Answer:
People migrate from one place to another mainly due to poverty, poor economic activity, lack of basic infrastructure like health care, education, etc. Apart from these factors, natural disasters like Tsunami, earthquake, etc and war or local conflicts are also strong reasons for migration.

The four streams of migration are:

• Rural to Rural
• Rural to Urban
• Urban to Rural
• Urban to Urban

Question 9.
Describe in brief the consequences of migration in India. Delhi 2009
OR
Explain any three economic consequences of migration of people in India. Delhi 2008
Answer:
Consequences of migration are discussed below:
Positive

1. Remittances are imported for the economy of a country as migrants sent remittances to their family members for food, repayment of loans/debts, treatment, marriages, children’s education, agricultural inputs, construction of houses, etc.
2. Green revolution in the rural areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh was a success because of the migrants from rural areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.

Negative

1. Overcrowding due to unregulated migration.
2. Development of unhygienic industrially developed states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Delhi.

5 Marks Questions

Question 10.
How is migration a response to the uneven distribution of opportunities over a space? Explain the economic consequences of migration in India. (All India 2017)
Answer:
Migration is the permanent or semi-permanent change of a person’s place of residence. The main cause for male migration is unemployment. People migrate for work and employment. The main cause for female migration is marrige. About 65% for female move out from their parental house following their marriages. Migration act as agents of social change.

The new ideas related to new technologies, family planning, girls education, etc get diffused from urban to rural areas through them. Migration leads to inter-mixing of people from diverse cultures. It widen up the mental horizon of people at large.
For economic consequences of migration,

Consequences of migration are discussed below:
Positive

1. Remittances are imported for the economy of a country as migrants sent remittances to their family members for food, repayment of loans/debts, treatment, marriages, children’s education, agricultural inputs, construction of houses, etc.
2. Green revolution in the rural areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh was a success because of the migrants from rural areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.

Negative

1. Overcrowding due to unregulated migration.
2. Development of unhygenic slums in industrially developed states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Delhi.

Question 11.
Explain why the causes of male and female migration are different in India. Find out the environmental consequences of migration. (Delhi 2016)
OR
Explain with examples any three environmental consequences of migration of people in India. (Delhi 2000)
Answer:
Causes of male and female migration are different in India as according to census 2001, about 65% of women migrate because of marriage. Only 3% of women migrate for employment. Whereas the majority of 38% of males migrate because of employment/work. Only 2% of males migrate because of marriage, (mainly in Meghalaya).

There are some environmental consequences of migration, which have degraded the quality of life especially in urban areas which are:

• Over crowding of people, due to rural-urban migration, has put pressure on existing social and physical infrastructure.
• Unplanned growth of cities and development of illegal and unhygenic slums result of a this.
• Cities are facing some major environmental problems like over use depletion of natural resources, pollution of ground water, air pollution, noise pollution, disposal of sewage and management of solid wastes.

Question 12.
Examine the economic and social consequences of migration in India. (All Indio 2016)
Answer:
For economic consequences of migration,
Consequences of migration are discussed below:
Positive

1. Remittances are imported for economy of a country as migrants sent remittances to their family members for food, repayment of loans/debts, treatment, marriages, children’s education, agricultural inputs, construction of houses, etc.
2. Green revolution in the rural areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh was a success because of the migrants from rural areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.

Negative

1. Overcrowding due to unregulated migration.
2. Development of unhygenic slums in industrially developed states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Delhi.

Social consequences of migration are discussed below:
Positive

1. Migrants work as an agent of social change. They diffuse new ideas of science and technology, family planning, girl’s education, etc from one place to another place.
2. People also bring different cultures with them which help to break the narrow considerations and broaden up the mental horizon of the people.

Negative

1. Anonymity increases and creates social vacuum and feeling of dejection.
2. This feeling ultimately results in anti-social activities such as crime, drug abuse, theft, etc.

Question 13.
Define the term migration. Explain any two economic and two demographic consequences of migration in India. (All India 2015)
Answer:
Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence.
For economic consequences of migration,

Consequences of migration are discussed below:
Positive

1. Remittances are imported for economy of a country as migrants sent remittances to their family members for food, repayment of loans/debts, treatment, marriages, children’s education, agricultural inputs, construction of houses, etc.
2. Green revolution in the rural areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh was a success because of the migrants from rural areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.

Negative

1. Overcrowding due to unregulated migration.
2. Development of unhygenic slums in industrially developed states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Delhi.

The demographic consequences are both positive as well as negative:
Positive

1. Migration leads to redistributing of population within a country.
2. The process of urbanisation is dependent on rural-urban migration. Thus, it gives acceleration to urbanisation as well as industrialisation.

Negative

• Imbalance in age of sex composition are also brought in the recipient areas,
• Aged skill selective out migration from rural areas have adverse effect on the rural demographic structure.
• Imbalance in demographic structure.
• Age and skill selective out migration created an imbalance in demographic structure of rural areas.
• Age and sex-composition are seriously affected in states of Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern Maharashtra due to migration.
• The same situation happens in the recipient states.

Question 14.
Define the term migration. Explain the social and environmental consequences of migration in India. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The movement of population from one place to another is known as migration. Migration may be permanent or temporary. When people migrate permanently from one place to another is called as permanent migration. On the other hand, temporary migration may be annual, seasonal, or daily. Census of India determines the migration by place of birth or residence.

For social and environmental consequences,

Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence.
For economic consequences of migration,

Consequences of migration are discussed below:
Positive

1. Remittances are imported for the economy of a country as migrants sent remittances to their family members for food, repayment of loans/debts, treatment, marriages, children’s education, agricultural inputs, construction of houses, etc.
2. Green revolution in the rural areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh was a success because of the migrants from rural areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.

Negative

1. Overcrowding due to unregulated migration.
2. Development of unhygienic slums in industrially developed states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Delhi.

The demographic consequences are both positive as well as negative:
Positive

1. Migration leads to redistributing of the population within a country.
2. The process of urbanisation is dependent on rural-urban migration. Thus, it gives acceleration to urbanisation as well as industrialisation.

Negative

1. Imbalance in an age of sex composition are also brought in the recipient areas,
2. Aged skill selective out-migration from rural areas have an adverse effect on the rural demographic structure.
3. Imbalance in demographic structure.
4. Age and skill selective out-migration created an imbalance in the demographic structure of rural areas.
5. Age and sex-composition are seriously affected in states of Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern Maharashtra due to migration.
6. The same situation happens in the recipient states.

Question 15.
Examine any five push factors that cause migration of population in India. Delhi 2013
Answer:
Push factors are those that force people to leave their place of residence or origin. Push factors may include:

• The abject poverty and hunger is one of the main reasons in push factors of migration.
• When people do not find means of livelihood in their home villages, they are pushed out to the nearby or distant towns.
• Political disturbances and inter-ethnic conflicts drive people away from their homes.
• Environmental problems and natural disasters like drought, floods etc often are caused the loss of money, homes and jobs and render people helpless.
• When a place is having heavy population pressure on land resources, then finally the natural resources tend to exhaust in near future overused by population and became extinct, which ultimately forced people to move from that place to another place.

Question 16.
What is migration? Explain any four factors responsible for the migration of people in India. Delhi 2010
Answer:
Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence.

Four factors responsible for the migration of people in India are:

Poverty/Hunger
It is a major factor which forces people to migrate to another place that has good facilities and government schemes for the poor.

Unemployment
It leads to poverty which makes people vulnerable. So in order to find regular work and better wages, people tend to migrate in urban cities.

Better/New Opportunities
As per the Indian market system, even if the farmers are able to have good crop production they still do not get good reimbursements and so they move on to try in jobs not related to agriculture.

Man-made/Natural disasters
Sometimes, natural disasters like floods, droughts, earthquakes, tsunami, etc become one of the major factors to push people from their native place to new place for safety reasons. One such example of human-made disaster is Bhopal Gas Tragedy in 1984.

Question 17.
What is migration? What are the four streams of migration in India? Write the main features of each? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence.
The four streams of internal migration in India with their features are as follows:

Rural to Rural In this stream, people move from a rural area to another rural area in India. The short distance of this stream is dominated by females because of marriage. Male migrants are less in this streams About 64% of females migrate in India because of marriage.

Rural to Urban In this stream, people move from a rural area to urban area. Most rural-urban migrants are males. They migrate because of work and employment. Urban areas attract them by opportunities existing in those areas. Another reason is education. Female migration for education is less.

Urban to Urban In this stream, people usually move out from a small urban area to large urban area to gain more opportunities. Millions of people in India migrate from small cities to large metropolitan cities for higher wages and salary.

Urban to Rural In this stream, people move from urban area to rural area. In India,’ this type of migration is usually done by retired and old age people due to overcrowding, pollution and others.

Data Based Questions

Question 18.
Study the given diagram, showing intra state migration streams in India and answer the questions that follow. (All Indio 2010)

(i) Which migration stream shows the highest number of migration both male and female categories?
(ii) Why does this migration stream show the highest migration in both categories? Give one reason for each.
(iii) Why do female migrants dominate in all four streams of migration? Give two reasons.
Answer:
(i) Rural to rural stream shows the highest numbers of migration in both male and female categories.
(ii) Rural to rural stream has the highest numbers of a female because of marriage. While male had the highest number because of work.
(iii) Female migrants dominate in all four streams of migration because of:

• Marriage
• Move with household
• Better education
• High wages
• Better opportunities

Question 19.
Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follow. (All India 2010)

(i) Which are the four streams of migration in India?
(ii) What is the common feature shown among all the migration stream?
(iii) In which stream is the number of female migrants is the highest? Give the main reason for it.
Answer:
(i) Rural to Rural (R-R), Rural to Urban (R-U), Urban to Rural (U-R), and Urban to Urban (U-U) are four streams of migration in India.
(ii) The common feature is the dominance of female migrants in all the streams.
(iii) Rural to rural stream has highest numbers of female because of marriage.

Value Based Question

Question 20.
“Number of people from India too have been migrating to the countries of middle-East, Western Europe, America, Australia and East of South-East Asia in search of better opportunities.” Explain the value which can check migration from India.
Answer:
Following values can check the migration:

• Nationalism
• Social relation
• Participation of community

Question 21.
Migration is a consequence of the uneven distribution of opportunies over space. People tends to move from place of low opportunities and low safety to the place of higher opportunity and better safety.” Which value can lead to migration?
Answer:
Following values can lead to migration:

1. Equal opportunities
2. Social boundance
3. Personal benefits

We hope the Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 12 Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences help you. If you have any query regarding Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 12 Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

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CBSE  Class 12 Physical Education Chapter 4 Postures

Physical EducationNCERT SolutionsRD Sharma Solutions
1 Mark Questions
Question.1. What do you mean by posture?
Answer. Posture concerns the way in which an individual carries himself while sitting, standing, walking and lying down.

Question.2. What is correct posture?
Answer. Correct posture means the balancing of body in accurate and proper manner while sitting, standing, reading, writing, walking, running or during any other action.

Question.3. What are postural deformities?
Answer. Postural deformities imply not having proper alignment of body parts. An individual who has postural deformities cannot perform his work efficiently. Some postural deformities are kyphosis, flat foot, knock knee etc.

Question.4. Define bow legs.
Answer. Bow legs is a wide gap between the knees when a person is standing with feet together. It can be observed easily when an individual walks or runs.

Question.5. What is flat foot?
Answer. Flat foot is a deformity of the feet. In this deformity, there is no arc in the foot and the foot is completely flat, which may cause pain in the foot during running and walking.

Question.6. Define the term kyphosis.
Answer. Kyphosis is a deformity of the spine in which there is an increase or exaggeration of a backward curve or a decrease of a forward curve.

Question.7. What are the causes of round shoulders? [CBSE 2012]
Answer. The causes of round shoulders are

1. Due to poor posture while working
2.  Faulty furniture
3.  Wrong habit of sitting / standing
4.  Carrying heavy load on shoulders
5. By sleeping on one side

Question.8. What are the causes of knock knee?
Answer. The causes of knock knee are

1. Weakness of muscles and ligaments
2. Overweight body
3. Lack of balanced diet
4. Lack of vitamin-D

Question.9. List three advantages of maintaining a correct posture.
Answer. Three advantages of maintaining a correct posture are

1. We will have more energy.
2.  We will feel better.
3.  It will improve flexibility of our body

Question.10. List five lifestyle and fashion fads followed by women which create bad posture. 
Answer. Five lifestyle and fashion fads causing poor posture are :

1. Wearing high heeled shoes / pencil heel shoes.
2.  Wearing tight fitting clothes.
3.  Wearing low waist jeans.
4.  Putting on very wide belts.
5.  Wearing boots.

3 Marks Questions
Question.11. A correct posture commands respect. Justify
Answer. For creating a good impression on other people so that you command respect, good appearance is a prerequisite. This good appearance, in turn, depends on the posture of an individual. This leaves a good first impression on others. Good posture also contributes to grace and efficiency in movement, which will make other people appreciate and respect you. Confident, successful and assertive people have a good upright and relaxed posture. Confidence gives you power and strength.
Conversely, when our posture shows a slump, we will soon experience low confidence, we will feel tired, low on energy, sad and vulnerable. This will show to others and make them lose respect in us.

Question.12. What are the causes of flat foot and corrective measures for this problem?
Answer. Causes of flat foot are:

1. Heaviness of the body
2.  Standing for a long time
3.  Not doing physical exercises
4. Use of poor quality footwear not having an arch.

Corrective Measures for flat foot are:

1.    Walk on sand
2.  Walking on wooden staircase
3. Walking with weight on heels and toes

Question.13. Write about postural deformities. List any four postural deformities.
Answer. Postural deformity means not having proper alignment of the body parts. An individual who has postural deformities cannot perform his work efficiently.
Four postural deformities are flat foot, kyphosis, knock knee and bow legs.

Question.14. Explain the correct posture of standing.
Answer. Correct standing posture is balanced and free from muscle or ligament strain. In this posture, the line of centre of gravity of the head, chest, abdomen and pelvis falls in a straight line. In standing position, the weight should be equally distributed between the ball of the foot and the heel. The feet should be parallel and the weight should be evenly balanced over both legs. The shoulders should be back and relaxed.

Question.15. What is correct posture of sitting?
Answer. In this posture, parts of the body, head, shoulder and hip should be placed in proper alignment with each other. The weight of the person sitting should be supported over a large area, so as to equally distribute the pressure. The backbone should be erect with the upper region of the backbone straight against the back of the chair.

Question.16. What are the main causes of poor posture?
Answer. Causes of poor posture are

1.  Injury When bone, ligament or muscle is injured, it weakens the support to that part.
2. Disease Causes the joints to lose their strength and mobility.
3.  Heredity Deformities like kyphosis and flat foot are sometimes due to hereditary factors.
4.  Overload Overwork or fatigue also results in poor posture.
5.  Lack of Exercise The maintenance of erect posture requires strength and endurance.

Question.17. Write a short note on postural deformities.
Answer. A number of postural deformities are either acquired (hereditary) or created. Each deformity demands proper attention and specific treatment for their correction. These deformities are

1. Knock knee Both the knees touch each other or overlap in the normal standing position.
2. Flat Foot The foot is completely flat with no arch in the sole.
3.  Bow legs There is a wide gap between the knees in the normal standing position.
4.  Round Shoulder The shoulder is drawn forward, the head is extended with the chin pointing forward.
5. Kyphosis There is an increased backward curvature in the dorsal or upper region of the spine
6.  Lordosis There is an increased forward curvature in the lumbar region of the spine.
7.  Scoliosis The spine bends to the side abnormally, either to the right or left.

Question.18. Write short notes on the following.
(i) Round shoulder (ii) Knock knee (iii) Lordosis
Answer.

1.  Round Shoulder It is a postural deformity in which the shoulders are drawn forward, the head is extended and the chin points forward.
2.  Knock Knee It is a postural deformity in which both the knees touch or overlap each other in the normal standing position.
3. Lordosis It is the inward curvature of spine. It is an increased forward curve in the lumbar region.

Question.19. Explain any three advantages of correct posture.
Answer. Three advantages of correct posture are

1. Development of Physical Fitness Physical fitness can be achieved if you have good posture. Balance, coordination, flexibility etc are the components of physical fitness. These can be attained easily by an individual who is having correct posture. –
2.  Improved Well Being Good posture provides good impression of your well being.
3. Improved Personality Correct posture reflects the alertness, activeness and wholesomeness of your personality.

Question.20. What are the causes of round shoulders? Explain remedial measures required to correct this deformity.
Answer. Causes of round shoulders are:

1. Due to poor posture in work
2. Faulty furniture
3. Wrong habit of sitting and standing
4. Carrying heavy load on shoulders

Remedial Measures:

1.  Stand and sit with correct posture
2. Do more exercises of shoulders like horizontal bars and the yogic exercises Chakrasan and                  Dhanurasan
3.  Do not allow the shoulders to drop
4. Hold the horizontal bar for some time.

Question.21. Mention the corrective exercises related to scoliosis.
Answer. The corrective exercises related to scoliosis are

1. Performing Trikonasana with proper technique.
2.  Stand erect with feet a few inches apart. After that, raise the left heel and left hip, extend right arm in an arch overhead to the left. Press left hand against the ribs on the left side.
3. Lie down in prone position, i.e., ori the chest. Right arm should be upward and left arm at side. After that move right arm towards the left overhead. Press down with left hand and then slide the left hip up.

5 Marks Questions
Question.22. Explain the causes, precautions and remedies of bow legs. [CBSE 2013]
Answer. Causes In this postural defect, lower long bones of the legs get bent. It is common in children and football players. There is an unnatural gap between knees while walking and running. The main cause of this deformity is deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in the bones, which results in softening of the bones. In the case of football players, legs have to bear a lot of strain, because of which this deformity occurs. This bending or curvature of the lower bones of the legs may also be due to the disease called rickets.
Precautions and Remedies:

1. Give children extra calcium and never force infants to make them stand or walk too early in life. Growing children automatically learn to stand or walk when their muscles and bones develop proper strength to do so.
2.  Never stand for long hours. This strains the legs.

Question.23. Suggest any five physical exercises as corrective measures for kyphosis and
lordosis. [CBSE2012]
Answer. Kyphosis In kyphosis, there is an increased curvature of the dorsal chest region.
Corrective Measures:

1.  Regular and appropriate exercises.
2.  Regular yogic exercises (Chakrasana, Dhanurasana, Bhujangasana, etc).
3.  Swimming is recommended.
4. Hold your hands back in vishram position and walk consciously, then slowly stretch them backward.
5.  Leaning back on a chair and taking shoulders backwards can help to stretch the chest muscles. Lordosis It is the inward curvature of the spine with protuding abdomen, resulting in a hollow back.

Corrective Measures:

1.  Do sit ups slowly.
2. Perform Halasana and Paschimuttan asana.
3. Sitting on a chair / table, bring the head / nose close to the knees.
4. Stand to attention and touch the feet with hands.
5. Standing fully erect, bend the trunk forward and then straighten it.

Question.24. Explain any five common postural deformities.
Answer. Five common postural deformities are

1. Knock Knee It is a postural deformity in which both the knees touch or overlap each other in normal standing position.
2. Flat Foot It is a deformity of the feet. In this deformity, there is no arc in the foot and the foot . is completely flat.
3.  Round Shoulder It is a* postural deformity in which the shoulders are drawn forward, the head is extended with the chin pointing forward.
4. Kyphosis It is a deformity of the spine in which there is an increase or exaggeration of a backward curve.
5. Bow Legs It is a deformity opposite to knock knee. In fact, if there is a wide gap between the knees, the deformity can be observed easily.

Question.25. Discuss the causes and remedial measures of five postural deformities.
Answer. The causes and remedial measures of five postural deformities are

1.  Knock Knee Causes

• Weakness of muscles and ligaments
• Over weight
• Lack of balanced diet
•  Lack of vitamin-D Remedial Measures
• Keep a pillow between the knees
• Be careful while you walk and stand
• Horse riding is one of the best exercises
•  Improve your diet

2.  Flat Foot Causes

• Heaviness of the body
• Standing for a long time
• Sitting and standing in a faulty posture Remedial Measures
• Walk on heels and toes
•  Pick up marbles with toes
•  Walking on wooden staircase
•  Improve your diet

3.  Round Shoulder Causes

•  Due to poor posture at work
•  Faulty furniture
• Carrying heavy load on shoulders Remedial Measures
• Stand in correct position
• Do not allow the shoulders
• Hold the horizontal bar for some time

4.  Scoliosis Causes

•  Short leg of one side
• One side flat foot
• Hereditary defect Remedial Measures
• Perform Trikonasana
• Avoid walking with heavy weight
• Take a balanced diet

5.  Bow Legs Causes

• Putting extra weight on leg muscles
• Lack of balanced diet
• Lack of calcium and phosphorus in bones Remedial Measures
• Never stand for long time
• Use of vitamin D
• Use of balanced diet
• Proper massage should be given to a child in the early stages

Question.26. Describe the causes of Scoliosis. What are preventive measures required to avoid this?
Answer. The causes of scoliosis for various types of this deformity are:

1.  Congenital scoliosis, which is caused by a bone abnormality present at birth.
2.  Neuromuscular scoliosis, which results due to abnormal muscles or nerves. This is seen in people with cerebral palsy or having partial paralysis.
3.  Degenerative scoliosis, which may result from traumatic (i.e. injury / illness) bone collapse, previous major back surgery, or osteoporosis.
4. Idiopathic scoliosis, which is the most common type. It has no specific identifiable cause.

Preventive measures to avoid Scoliosis are:

1.  Avoid activities that require over-exertion on only one side of the body.
2.  Exercise the back muscles. Having strong and stable back muscles prevents this deformity, as the back muscles support the spinal column and hold it in its proper shape.
3. Improve your posture. Focus on sitting up straight and walking with your head up and your shoulders back.
4.  Acquire proper vitamins and minerals. Calcium contributes to keeping bones healthy, so eating foods like oatmeal, soyabean, almonds etc will keep your bones strong and stable.

Question.27. What are the 5 main causes of poor posture? Explain each cause briefly.
Answer. Five main causes of poor posture are

1. Injuries or Pain When we experience pain in our back or neck muscles or any other part of the body due to injury or any other reason, we tend to overcome the pain by holding our body in a different position. When this is continued for a long time, it can become a daily habit.
2.  Malnutrition Our spine and back need adequate nutrients to grow strong and straight. Low nutrition, particularly lack of vitamins and calcium, affects bones and muscles by not providing adequate strength and flexibility to hold our body in a correct posture.
3. Heredity If we have a family history of a particular deformity like bent back or flat foot, then, no matter how hard we try to hold our posture in a correct way, our genes prevent us. However, this can be rectified with professional help and proper exercises.
4. Excessive Body Weight Carrying extra body weight makes it difficult to maintain proper posture. People with extra weight around their stomach can have a problem with lower back pulled forward, due to the weight of the belly or hips. This is also seen in the case of pregnant women.
5. Nature of our Work Particularly if we have a desk job, we often push our neck and head forward and hunch our shoulders. In the modern age of using computers for our work, this has become a major reason. This contributes to our inability to keep our spines straight.

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RD Sharma Class 7 solutions Chapter 11 Percentage Exercise 11.2 Q1

NCERT SolutionsMathsScienceSocialEnglishSanskritHindiRD Sharma

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RD Sharma Class 7 solutions Chapter-11 Percentage Exercise-11.6 Q8

NCERT SolutionsMathsScienceSocialEnglishSanskritHindiRD Sharma

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NTSE Arunachal Pradesh 2020: State council of educational research and training commonly known as SCERT, Itanagar has released the notification for the NTSE Arunachal Pradesh exam . The NTSE exam will be conducted on November 3, 2019. NTSE Arunachal Pradesh exam is supposed to be conducted with students currently studying in class 10. The application process for the NTSE Exam will begin in the month of August and the results are expected to be released in April month next year.

NTSE which is a short form of national talent search exam is going to be conducted in two stages which are stage 1 and stage 2. The NTSE exam conducted in the stage is considered as the selection round for stage 2 exam. The candidates will be selected for NTSE Arunachal Pradesh 2019 exam will compete with each other on the basis of merit-based scholarships at 2nd stage of the NTSE exam. NTSE exam is expected to be conducted in June next year by the national council of educational research and training which is NCERT.

NTSE Arunachal Pradesh 2019 Exam Overview

Exam name	National Talent Search Examination
State/ Union-Territory	Arunachal Pradesh
Level of the exam	State-level
Date of exam	4th November 2019
Conducted by	SCERT – State Council of Educational Research and Training, Itanagar
Mode of examination	Pen and paper
Eligibility Criteria	For class 10 students
Medium of examination	Urdu, Hindi, and English

NTSE Arunachal Pradesh 2019 Exam Dates

Stage 1 of the NTSE exam is going to be conducted by the respective states and union territories. While the stage 2 of the exam is going to be conducted by NCERT for class 10 students. The candidates that qualify the stage 1 exam are going to be eligible for the stage 2 exam conducted by NCERT, New Delhi.

Below are the important dates for NTSE AP exam 2020

Events	Dates
Application begins	The second week of August 2019
Arunachal Pradesh NTSE 2019 Exam	November 3, 2019
NTSE Arunachal Pradesh Results	April 2020
Stage 2 NTSE 2019 Exam	10 May 2020

State-level National Talent Search Exam

NTSE Arunachal Pradesh 2019 Exam Eligibility

The students of class 10 that are in their current academic year can apply for NTSE stage 1 exam. Candidates should not be more than 18 years of age.

NTSE Arunachal Pradesh 2019 Exam Application Form

Application form for the NTSE AP exam will be available online for everyone to download by the second week of August 2019. Students can download this application form from the official NTSE AP website. Besides this, students can also collect the NTSE 2019 application form from their respective state liaison officer.

How To Apply for NTSE Arunachal Pradesh Exam 2019?

• Go to the NTSE AP official website and click on the link to download the application form.
• Take a copy of the application form after downloading it.
• There will be an admit card or hall ticket form for NTSE AP 2019 exam attached with the application form.
• Fill all the details that are required for the application form as well as admit card and get it signed by the candidate, head of the Institution, and candidate’s parents.
• The application forms filled should be submitted to the respective state liaison officer for the Arunachal Pradesh NTSE exam within the given deadline.
• Applicants can also download their hall ticket or admit card from the NTSE main website at least 21 days before the exam is conducted.

NTSE Arunachal Pradesh 2019 Exam Pattern

There are two parts to the stage 1 exam. Part 1 here is the mental ability test which is MAT, this carries 100 questions which are 1 mark each. Also, part 2 is the scholastic ability test which is the SAT and it also carries 100 questions worth 1 mark each. The time duration for both sections will be 120 minutes. For more details related to the exam pattern follow the table below:

Section	Exam pattern	Time Duration	Qualifying scores
Mental Ability Test (MAT)	100 questions worth 1 mark each.	120 minutes	For the general category: 40% of the highest marks. For ST, SC, and PH: 32% of the maximum marks.
Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)	100 questions worth 1 mark each.	120 minutes	For the general category: 40% of the highest marks. For ST, SC, and PH: 32% of the maximum marks.

NTSE Arunachal Pradesh Result 2019

Students that have applied for the stage 1 exam can expect their result to be out in the month of April, next year. This result will contain the CAT, MAT, and overall scores of the candidates. Along with this, NTSE AP 2019 results, there will be a merit list for candidates that are selected for stage 2 NTSE 2019 will also be made official.

NTSE Arunachal Pradesh 2019 Exam Sample Papers

Candidates are advised to prepare for the exam through sample papers in order to score well. NTSE 2019 Arunachal Pradesh sample papers will help students get familiar with the exam pattern, time duration, subject of the questions, etc. These sample papers available can be downloaded by everyone from the NTSE AP official website.

NTSE Arunachal Pradesh 2019 Scholarships

Students that are selected through NTSE AP 2019 can compete for the merit-based scholarships at the 2nd stage of the exam. Under the NTSE program, there are 2000 scholarships being distributed every year by the national conducting body which is NCERT.

Education level	Scholarship Amount
Classes 11th – 12th	Rs.1,250/month
Undergraduate	Rs.2,000/month
Post-graduate	Rs.2,000/month
Ph.D.	As per UGC norms.

We hope we have provided all the necessary information about NTSE Arunachal Pradesh. If you have any doubts regarding this post or NTSE Arunachal Pradesh, please comment in the comment section we will get back to you at the earliest.

Scholarships for Students

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Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics is part of Political Science Class 12 Important Questions. Here we have given Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics.

Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics

1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Name the two alliances-fronts that formed the government at the centre in 1989 and 1996 respectively. (All India 2014)
Answer:
Two alliances-fronts that formed the government at the centre are

• National Front – 1989
• United Front – 1996

Question 2.
From which year did the era of coalition governments at the centre begin in India? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The era of coalition government at the centre begin in India since 1989.

Question 3.
Mention any two incidents of violence against the minority community which are a threat to democracy? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
The two incidents of violence against the minority community which area threat to democracy are

• Anti-Sikh riots -1984
• Anti-Muslim riots-2002

Question 4.
In which year did the Congress party win 415 Lok Sabha seats? Who became the Prime Minister at that time? (Delhi 2012, 2011)
Answer:
Congress party won 415 seats in the Lok Sabha election in 1984. And Rajiv Gandhi became Prime Minister at that time.

Question 5.
Why was Babri Masjid demolished? (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Some organisation were supporting the construction of temple at the place of Babri Masjid and the voluntary service for building the Ram temple was known as Karseva. Thousands of people gathered at Ayodhya and finally they demolished the Babri Masjid to clear land for construction of Lord Ram Temple.

Question 6.
Name the founder of Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP). (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The name of founder of Bahujan Samaj Party was ‘Kanshi Ram’.

Question 7.
Which two diametrically opposite political groups supported the National Front Government in 1989? (All India 2011)
Answer:
The two political groups who supported National Front Government in 1989 were the BJP and Left front.

Question 8.
Since 1989 until the election of 2004 which party has been gaining strength in Lok Sabha? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
The party which was gaining strength in Lok Sabha since 1989 was Bhartiya Janata Party.

Question 9.
What was the Mandal Commission ? When was it appointed? (Delhi to 2008)
Answer:
The Mandal Commission was set-up on 1st January, 1979 to determine the criteria of identifying the socially and educationally backward class.

Question 10.
What was the Ayodhya dispute? (Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
Ayodhya dispute was a dispute between the Hindus and the Muslims over a mosque in Ayodhya known as Babri Masjid.

Question 11.
Correct and Re-write the following (All India (C) 2008)
In 1987 the Backward and Minority Federation (BAMCEF) was formed.
Answer:
In 1978, the ‘Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation (BAMCEF) was formed.

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Who was the chairperson of Mandal Commission? State any one recommendation made by him/her. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Highlight any two recommendations of the Mandal Commission. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Mandal Commission was established in India in 1979 by the Janata party government. Under the Prime Minister Moraiji Desai. The two recommendations of the Mandal Commission are as follows :

• 27 per cent of the posts in public services should be reserved for other backward classes.
• Welfare programmes specially meant for OBCs should be financed by the Government of India.

Question 2.
Highlight any two effects of the Election 1989 on the politics of India. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Two effects of Election of 1989 on Indian Politics are :

1. The end of ‘Congress system’ i.e. loss of the kind of centrality it enjoyed in the party system earlier.
2. The beginning of coalition politics in Indian political system.

Question 3.
What does a coalition government mean? Mention any one example of such a government. (All India 2013)
Answer:
When two or more parties join hands together to form a government is known as coalition government. eg-UPA, NDA etc. In 1977, the first coalition government was formed.

Question 4.
What was the change in the electoral performance of the Congress party and BJP from 1984-2004? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
The change in the electoral performance of the Congress and BJP from 1984-2004 is as under :

• The BJP had gained the electoral performance from two seats to 138 seats.
• The political competition during the 1990s is divided between the coalition led by BJP and Congress. Congress lost its seats from 415 to 145.

Question 5.
Political equations in coalition governments are unstable. How was this concept reflected in the formation of National Front Government in 1989 and United Front Government in 1996? (All India 2012)
Answer:
In 1989, the coalition government began in India and many political parties shared the government at the centre. This political phenomena clearly reflects political instability and uncertainly.

United front was formed to keep out Congress from government. It was formed in 1996 with the support of BJP and Left front. HD Deva Gowda was Prime Minister of United front and after him IK Gujral became the Prime Minister.

Question 6.
Give any two arguments in favour of reservation for the SCs, STs and OBCs in higher education institutions in India. (All India 2011)
Answer:
The two arguments in favour of reservation for SCs, STs and OBCs in higher education institutions in India are as follows :

• The backward classes had very low representation in educational institutions.
• The employment in public offices also had very low representation of the backward classes.

Question 7.
What is Ayodhya dispute? Explain. (Delhi 2011)
OR
When was the disputed structure in Ayodhya demolished? How was the State. Government punished? (Delhi, 2008)
Answer:
On 6th December, 1992 the disputed structure of Ayodhya i.e Babri Masjid was demolished. The BJP government of Uttar Pradesh was dismissed and a case was registered against the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in Supreme Court for contempt of court.

Question 8.
What was the main reason for the anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat in 2002? (All India 2011; Delhi 2011)
Answer:
In February-March 2002 large scale violence took place against Muslims in Gujarat because

1. At Godhra station a bogey of Sabarmati Express train was set on fire which was full of Karsevaks. They were returning from Ayodhya.
2. Suspecting the hand of Muslims in setting fire to the bogey large-scale violence against Muslims began in Gujarat from the next day.

Question 9.
What is meant by ‘coalition’? During which period did this type of government gain popularity for the first time at the centre in India. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
When two or more political parties join their hands together form a government, that type of government is called a Coalition Government. In 1977 coalition government gain popularity for the first time.

4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
In what way do the coalition governments prove to be more democratic than the one-party governments? (All India 2015)
OR
When and why did a long phase of coalition politics begin in India? (Delhi 2012)
OR
Explain the impact of coalition governments on India politics. (Delhi 2011)
OR
What is alliance politics? How has it influenced the Indian politics? (All India 2011)
OR
How far is it correct to say that coalition government in India has helped in arriving at some consensus? (Delhi 2009)
OR
Describe any two advantages and two disadvantages of coalition government in India. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
When two or more parties join hands together to form a government is known as coalition government, e.g UPA, NDA etc.
Two advantages of coalition government are as follows :

• Dominance of one party is minimised.
• More than one ideologies come together and gives strength to democracy.

Two disadvantages of coalition government are as follows :

• It gives unstable government.
• It slows the process of policy-making.

Question 2.
When was the Mandal Commission set-up? Describe any two recommendations of this commission. (Delhi 2015)
OR
How was the main recommendation of Mandal Commission? How was it implemented? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Mandal Commission was set-up by the new National front government in 1990.
The two recommendations of the Mandal Commission are as follows :

• 27 per cent of the posts in public services should be reserved for other backward classes.
• Welfare programmes specially meant for OBCs should be financed by the Government of India.

Question 3.
Describe the era of multi-party system in India after 1989. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Elections in 1989 led to the defeat of the Congress party but did not result in a majority for any other party. Though Congress was the largest party in the Lok Sabha, it did not have a clear majority.

The defeat of the Congress party marked the end of Congress dominance over the Indian party system.

Way back in the late sixties, the dominance of the Congress party was challenged; but the Congress under the leadership of Indira Gandhi managed to re-establish its predominant position in politics.

The nineties saw yet another challenge to the predominant position of the Congress. It did not, however, mean the emergence of any other single party to fill in its place. Thus, began an era of a multi-party system.

To be sure, a large number of political parties always contested elections in our country. Our Parliament always had representatives from several political parties. What happened after 1989 was the emergence of several parties in such a way that one or two parties did not get most of the votes of seats.

This also meant that no single party secured a clear majority of seats in any Lok Sabha election held since 1989. This development initiated an era of coalition governments at the Centre, in which regional parties played a crucial role in forming ruling alliances.

The nineties also saw the emergence of powerful parties and movements that represented the Dalit and backward castes (Other Backward Classes or OBC). Many of these parties represented powerful regional assertion as well.

Question 4.
Describe any four major developments in Indian politics since 1989. (Delhi 2015)
OR
Describe any two developments witnessed by India after 1990. (All India 2011)
OR
Describe briefly any four main developments, witnessed by the country from 1989 to 1992. (All India 2008)
Answer:
Towards the end of 1980s, country saw five major development which are as follows (any four) :
1. End of Congress system mean dominance of Congress for two decades. But the most important event was the defeat of Congress party in the 1989’s elections. The party had won only 197 seats, which was very low in comparision to 1984 elections where party won 415 seats.

The Congress boosted up its performance and finally it came back to power in 1991, after Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination. But the elections of 1989 marked the end of what political scientists have called the ‘Congress system’, congress remained as major party but it lost its dominance as it enjoyed earlier in the party system.

2. Mandal Issue The Mandal issue started with the National Front government’s decision to implement the recommendations of Mandal Commission in 1990. The recommendation was that 27 per cent of job in the Central Government should be reserved for other backward classes’s candidates only.

Thus, it brought widespread dismay and anger. This conflict between supporters and opponents of OBC reservation was popularly called ‘Mandal issue’. It played a crucial role in shaping politics since 1989.

3. New Economic Reforms The new Ans economic reforms were announced as the structural adjustment programme. These reforms were initiated by Rajiv Gandhi, but these were more visible in Narsimha Rao’s Government in the year 1991. These reforms faced many criticism, but the upcoming governments have continued to follow these.

4. Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi There was a change in leadership due to assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991. He was assassinated during his election campaign in Tamil Nadu by a Sri Lankan Tamil linked to the LTTE. The elections of 1991 witnessed Congress party emerging as the single largest party.Though death of Rajiv Gandhi led to the appointment of Narsimha Rao as the Prime Minister.

5. Ayodhya Issue The Ayodhya issue was started with the demolition of Babri Masjid in December, 1992. This, incident led to violence and many questions were raised about the nature of Indian nationalism and secularsm. This issue exemplified and provoked various changes in the politics of the country and guided the rise of the BJP and the politics of Hindutva.

Question 5.
Rewrite the names of any of the following Prime Ministers in the chronological order keeping in mind the period of their Prime Ministership. (All India 2010)
(i) Chandrashekhar
(ii) Narasimha Rao
(iii) HD Deve Gowda
(iv) IK Gujral
(v) VP Singh
Answer:
Chronological order for the period of their Prime Ministership
(i) VP Singh
(ii) Chandrashekhar
(iii) Narasimha Rao
(iv) HD Deva Gowda
(v) IK Gujral

Question 6.
‘In the new era of coalition politics political parties are not aligning on the basis of ideology’. Explain. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Three features of coalition government has been given in which we have to understand the not aligning and re-aligning on the basis of ideologies. These are :

1. Unstable government The coalition government has its own interest and they fight for their own self interest. This leads to the breakup of not only of various fronts, but of governments as well.
2. Political opportunism Government formed on the basis of coalition becomes selfish, as opportunist, power hungry and unscrupulous politicians focus on the self-interest only.
3. Lack of polarisation The coalition governments are formed not on the basis of polarisation of political forces, but for the sake of capturing power and vested interest. There have been no sincere urge even among the parties of same ideology for political polarisation.

Question 7.
What was Godhra episode? What were its after-effects? (Delhi 2009)
OR
Why did the anti-Muslim riots take place in 2002 in Gujarat ? What were the outcomes of these riots? (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
In February-March 2002 large scale violence took place against Muslims in Gujarat because :

1. At Godhra station a bogey of Sabarmati Express train was set on fire which was full of Karsevaks. They were returning from Ayodhya.
2. Suspecting the hands of Muslims in setting fire to the bogey large-scale violence against Muslims began in Gujarat from the next day.

The outcomes of these riots were :

• This violence continued for almost a whole month. Nearly 1100 persons, mostly Muslims were killed.
• The National Human Rights Commission criticised the Gujarat Government’s role in failing to control this communal violence, providing relief to the victims and prosecute the perpetrators of this violence.
• The Election Commission of India ordered are assembly elections to be postponed.

6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Describe any three points of consensus that emerged among most political parties in India in spite of severe competition and conflicts. (All India 2015)
OR
Highlight any three issues on which a broad agreement has emerged among most of the political parties in India. (All India 2013)
OR
In the midst of severe competition and many conflicts in 1989, a consensus appeared to have emerged among most parties. Explain any three points of consensus. (All India 2012)
OR
Explain any three elements of consensus which have emerged among most political parties after the Lok Sabha elections of 2004. (All India 2011)
OR
‘Inspite of serious differences between major national political parties, emergence of new consensus is being viewed with interest’. In the light of this statement describe any three consensus. (HOTS: Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Inspite of serious differences between major national political parties emergence of new consensus is being viewed with interest in the light of statement as following :
1. Acceptance of political and social claims of the backward castes
Most of the political parties accepted the adequate representation. As a result, all political parties supported reservation for OBCs in education and employment. Political parties even want to ensure that OBCs get their due share of power.

2. Role of state-level parties
The role of state-level parties in governance of the country has been recognised. The gap between centre and state level parties decreased. State level parties are sharing power at central level and have become crucial for the survival of country’s politics in the last two decades.

3. Focus on pragmatic consideration
Coalition politics has shifted political alignments from ideological differences to power-sharing agreements. Governance is based on pragmatic consideration and political alliances take no rigid ideological positions. Thus, the alliance with BJP was formed called NDA in spite of BJP Hindutva. The NDA government lasted for its full term in office.

Question 2.
Which three major developments took place in Indian politics during the last decade of the 20th century? Describe. (All India 2015)
OR
“Towards the end of the 1980s, five major changes took place in Indian political system.” In light of this statement, examine any three changes. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
For major development in Indian politics towards the end of 1980s, country saw five major development which are as follows (any four) :
1. End of Congress system mean dominance of Congress for two decades. But the most important event was the defeat of Congress party in the 1989’s elections. The party had won only 197 seats, which was very low in comparision to 1984 elections where party won 415 seats.

The Congress boosted up its performance and finally it came back to power in 1991, after Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination. But the elections of 1989 marked the end of what political scientists have called the ‘Congress system’, congress remained as major party but it lost its dominance as it enjoyed earlier in the party system.

2. Mandal Issue The Mandal issue started with the National Front government’s decision to implement the recommendations of Mandal Commission in 1990. The recommendation was that 27 per cent of job in the Central Government should be reserved for other backward classes’s candidates only.

Thus, it brought widespread dismay and anger. This conflict between supporters and opponents of OBC reservation was popularly called ‘Mandal issue’. It played a crucial role in shaping politics since 1989.

3. New Economic Reforms The new Ans economic reforms were announced as the structural adjustment programme. These reforms were initiated by Rajiv Gandhi, but these were more visible in Narsimha Rao’s Government in the year 1991. These reforms faced many criticism, but the upcoming governments have continued to follow these.

4. Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi There was a change in leadership due to assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991. He was assassinated during his election campaign in Tamil Nadu by a Sri Lankan Tamil linked to the LTTE. The elections of 1991 witnessed Congress party emerging as the single largest party.Though death of Rajiv Gandhi led to the appointment of Narsimha Rao as the Prime Minister.

5. Ayodhya Issue The Ayodhya issue was started with the demolition of Babri Masjid in December, 1992. This, incident led to violence and many questions were raised about the nature of Indian nationalism and secularsm. This issue exemplified and provoked various changes in the politics of the country and guided the rise of the BJP and the politics of Hindutva.

Question 3.
Coalition government is a bane or boon for democracy in India’. Explain any three arguments in support of your answer. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Coalition government is a boon because :

1. Participation of regional parties at national level State level parties played a crucial role in the country politics for last twenty years. Therefore the differences between state-level parties and central parties is decreasing day-by-day.
2. Spirit of adaptation Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological distinctions to power sharing accommodation. We can see in the government of NDA that most of the parties did not agree with the ideology of Hindutva of BJP. However, they allied with BJP to form a government for a full term completion.
3. Inclined towards one consensus Various radical parties opposed the new economic policies, but some parties came to support new economic policies because they believed that these policies would lead the country towards prosperity and raise its status all over the world. Coalition government is a bane for democracy in India because of three reasons:
   • Unstable government The coalition government has its own interest and they fight for their own self-interest. This leads to the breakup not only of various fronts but of governments as well.
   • Political opportunism Government which is formed on the basis of coalition becomes selfish as opportunist power hungry and unscrupulous politicians emphasise on their self-interest only.
   • Lack of polarisation The coalition governments are formed not on the basis of polarisation of political forces, but for the sake of capturing power and vested interest. There have been no sincere urge even among the parties of same ideology for political polarisation.

Question 4.
From 1989 to 2004, there have been nine coalition governments in India. Analyse the rise and fall of any two such coalition governments. (Delhi 2010)
OR
“The era of coalition in India started in 1989, which has come to stay in a big way.” Do you agree? Substantiate your answer by any three arguments. (HOTS; All India 2010)
Answer:
The era 1990s witnessed the emergence of strong political parties, regional parties through several issues viz OBC, Dalit etc. These parties formed government through alliances. Such alliance were United Front, National Front in 1996 and 1989 respectively.

Coalition from 1989 to 2004
Some parties had Congress support and formed alliance in 1996 called United Front. In 1989, BJP and Left supported National front.

In 1989, BJP and Left wanted to keep the Congress out of power, hence, both supported National Front and later in 1996, Congress wanted to keepout BJP from the power. Therefore, it supported United front and Left supported Congress in 1996. The alliance government did not succeed for long because BJP continued to strengthen its position in the elections of 1991 and 1996. The BJP was the single largest party in 1996 parliamentary election.

In 1996, BJP was invited to form the government, but most of the political parties opposed its policies consequently it could not secure a majority in the Lok Sabha.

Lok Sabha Elections, 2004
In 2004 elections, the Congress party came to power with the new alliance known as United Progressive Alliance.This was a coalition in a big way. NDA was defeated and installation of another coalition led by DR. Manmohan Singh occurred. The UPA received support from DMK, PMK, AIADMK, RJD, NCP, TRS and left from Andhra Pradesh etc.

The 2004 elections also saw the partial revival of Congress party as it increased its seats compared to 1996 elections. However, there was a little bit difference between the votes polled by the Congress and its allies and the BJP and its allies in 2004 elections. Thus, the party system has taken another form suddenly from what it was till the seventies.

After the 1990s, the political process has been changed and it led to emergence of broadly four groups of parties:

• The Congress supporting parties that made coalition with Congress.
• The BJP allying parties
• Left front parties
• Some other parties which were not part of the above three

Question 5.
“The end of Eighties of the 20th century witnessed developments which made a long lasting impact on Indian parities”. Assess any three such developments, (HOTS; Delhi 2010)
Answer:
The end of eighties of the 20th century witnessed major development which have lasting impact on Indian politics, are as follows:
(i) End of Congress system
mean dominance of Congress for two decades. But the most important event was the defeat of Congress party in the 1989’s elections. The party had won only 197 seats, which was very low in comparison to 1984 elections where party won 415 seats.

Congress boosted up its performance and finally it came back to power in 1991, after Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination. But the elections of 1989 marked the end of what political scientists have called the ‘Congress system’. Congress remained as major party but it lost its dominance as it enjoyed earlier in the party system.

(ii) Mandal issue
The Mandal issue started with the National Front Government’s decision to implement the recommendations of Mandal Commission in 1990. The recommendation was that 27 per cent of job in the Central Government should be reserved for other backward classes’s candidates only. Thus, it brought widespread agitation and anger. This conflict between supporters and opponents of OBC reservation was popularly called ‘Mandal issue’. It played a crucial role in shaping politics since 1989.

(iii) New economic reforms
The new economic reforms were announced as the structural adjustment programme. These reforms were initiated by Rajiv Gandhi, but these were more visible in Narismha Rao’s Government in the year 1991. These reforms faced many criticism, but the upcoming governments have continued to follow these reforms.

Question 6.
Describe the emergence of the coalition government in India. (All India 2009)
OR
“After the election in 1989, an era of coalition started in which political parties are not aligning or re-aligning on the basis of ideologies”. Explain. (HOTS; All India 2008)
Answer:
Undoubtly, in the new era of coalition politics, political parties are not aligning or re-aligning on the basis of ideology. The main basis of their aligning with one or the other party is to safeguard their own interest and to frustrate their opponents.

The best example was of Dr Manmohan Singh’s government where the leftists supported the UPA but in state both are opponents. The main interest was to keep out BJP from government. Same condition occurred in Bihar, when BJP and Janata Dal formed government to keep out RJD.

At the centre, UPA and NDA generally do these things and hence, it could be said that political parties are not aligning or realigning on the basis of ideology.
For features of coalition government on the basis of ideologies

Three features of coalition government has been given in which we have to understand the not aligning and re-aligning on the basis of ideologies. These are :

1. Unstable government The coalition government has its own interest and they fight for their own self interest. This leads to the breakup of not only of various fronts, but of governments as well.
2. Political opportunism Government formed on the basis of coalition becomes selfish, as opportunist, power hungry and unscrupulous politicians focus on the self interest only.
3. Lack of polarisation The coalition governments are formed not on the basis of polarisation of political forces, but for the sake of capturing power and vested interest. There have been no sincere urge even among the parties of same ideology for political polarisation.

Question 7.
A two-party system is considered as the best form for a democratic system. India, on the other hand, has a multi-party system. Assess the advantages of the multi-party system in India. (All India to 2008)
Answer:
Two party systems is required for successful democracy. However, the multi-party system have the following advantages:

1. No place for dictatorship Even if a party enjoys full majority, it can not function as dictator. The multi-party system provided a democratic government. Hence, if the largest party try do so then other parties will withdraw their support.
2. Multiple choice of voters Since 1989 elections, voters have choices about whom they want to cast their votes. This is another advantage of multi-party system.
3. True reflection of public opinion Parliament is the reflection of people. In case of multi-party systems. Parliament becomes a true reflector of people because diversity of culture, language are noticeable in Parliament.
4. Possibility of stable government There is government majority in Parliament and Council of Ministers work according to the majority. This restricts Parliament not to pass no-confidence motion. Hence, mulit-party system is comparatively stable.
5. Passing of bills Bills favouring people are passed by the Parliament and it is a coalition government which always asks its member parties to do so.
6. Check the division of the two camps The two-party system leads to two camps. But the multi-party system checked the two hostile camps. It is rather a cementing force between groups of divergent loyalties.

Question 8.
“The regional parties have started playing an important role in the Indian politics”. Comment. (HOTS: Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
India as democracy has the multi-party system which means there are several political parties competing for power. Apart from the primary parties, each state has their own local political parties that rule and compete in their region.

Regional parties play following roles in Indian politics :

1. In absence of clear majority, the largest party has to join hands with a regional party in order to form government. This is where the importance of the regional parties comes into play.
2. Most of the regional parties have agenda furthering certain culture dominant within that state.
3. The regional parties for their benefits divide the people of different states on the line of language, culture, traditions etc.
4. Sometimes serious issues like India’s foreign policy’ are influenced and compromised by regional parties. This affects India’s credibility in international politics.
5. They also work as a pressure groups in Indian politics.
6. Sometimes regional parties influence the central government to divert more annual budget funds to their states at the expense of other states.

Picture Based Questions
Question 1.
Study the cartoon given below and answer the following questions

(i) Who was head of the Government formed by the National Front in 1989?
(ii) Why was the government formed by him called a puppet government?
(iii) Identify the puppeteers pulling the strings and the political parties they belong to. (All India 2016)
Answer:
(i) VP Singh was the head of the government formed by the National Front in 1989.
(ii)
(a) Because, the strings of this government were in the hands of other leaders.
(b) They were moving and controlling the government like a puppet by pulling the strings.
(iii)
(a) The puppeteers pulling the strings were Jyoti Basu and LK Advani.
(b) Jyoti Basu (CPM) and LK Advani (BJP).

Question 2.
Study the cartoon given below and answer the following questions

(i) Identify any four national leaders from the above cartoon and mention the serial number of each.
(ii) Which was the most controversial issue of the period related to leader No.2 as Prime Minister of India?
(iii) What was the position of the party led by leader No. 1 in the Lok Sabha elections of 1989? (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(i) VP Singh, LK Advani, Chandrashekhar and Devi Lai.
(ii) V P Singh
(iii) The party led by leader No-1 get only 197 seats in the Lok Sabha election of 1989.

Question 3.
Study the cartoon given below and answer the following questions

(i) Why is the girl shown in the cartoon not worried about whether it is a single party or a coalition government?
(ii) Does a coalition government involve more compromises and why?
(iii) Do you think we can have bold and imaginative policies in a coalition government and why? (All India 2010)
Answer:
(i) She is not worried about whether it is a single party or a coalition government rather she is worried about the work the parties do for the progress of the country.
(ii) Yes, coalition government involves more compromises because different ideologies come together in a coalition.
(iii) Yes, to make a coalition stronger we can have bold and imaginative policies in a coalition government.

Question 4.
The National Front Government led by VP Singh was supported by the Left (represented here by Joyti Basu) as well as the BJP (represented by LK Advani) Delhi 2009

Look at the cartoon given above carefully and answer the following questions
(i) Does the cartoon refer to a puppet government?
(ii) Describe the role of such a government in the Indian democratic setup.
(iii) What is meant by ‘Support the Government from outside’?
Answer:
(i) Yes, the cartoon refers to a puppet government.
(ii) The role of a puppet government in the Indian democratic set-up can be

• The government may become unstable.
• It will weaken the functioning of democratic set-up.
• Generally compromises are made on the policy decisions.

(iii) Support from outside means to support the functioning and process of the government without joining or becoming a part of the government.

Passage-Based Question
Question 1.
Study the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
In fact, the BSP under Kanshi Ram’s leadership was envisaged as an organisation based on pragmatic politics. It derived confidence from the fact that the Bahujans (SCs, STs OBCs and religious minorities) constituted the majority of the population and were a formidable political force on the strength of their numbers. (Delhi 2013)
(i) Which organisation was formed by Kanshi Ram?
(ii) Give the full form of BSP.
(iii) Name any two religious minorities.
(iv) Why are the Bahujans considered a formidable political force?
Answer:
(i) BSP was formed by Kanshi RAM
(ii) Bahujan Samaj Party
(iii) Religious minorities – Muslim and Sikh
(iv) These communities (SCs, STs, OBCs) form the majority of the population and were a formidable political force on the strength of their number.

We hope the Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics help you. If you have any query regarding Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

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Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity is part of Political Science Class 12 Important Questions. Here we have given Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity.

Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity

1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Highlight any one feature of the multi-polar world as visualized by both Russia and India. (All India 2017)
Answer:
A multi-polar world is characterised by the co-existence of multiple power centres in the international system,
E.g., USA, Russia, China, Japan, etc.

Question 2.
Which one of the following statements about the Berlin war is false? (Delhi 2016)
(i) It symbolised the division between the capitalist and the communist world.
(ii) It was built immediately after the Second World War.
(iii) It was broken by the people on 9 November 1989.
(iv) It marked the unification of the two parts of Germany.
Answer:
(iv) It marked the unification of the two parts of Germany.

Question 3.
Which one of the following was NOT given primacy by the makers of the Soviet system? (AH India 2016)
(i) Abolition of private property.
(ii) A society based on the principle of equality.
(iii) No opposition party to be allowed.
(iv) No state control over the economy.
Answer:
(iv) No state control over the economy.

Question 4.
Define ‘Bipolarity’. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Bipolarity can be defined as a system of world order in which the majority of global economic, military and cultural influence is held between two states.

Question 5.
Highlight any one major distinction between the Soviet economy and the capitalist economy. (All India 2015)
Answer:
The Soviet system was based on the principles of equality and the planned economy controlled by the state.
Whereas in the capitalist economy, private ownership is dominant. Land and productive assets are owned and controlled by the capitalist.

Question 6.
Highlight any one consequence of ‘Shock Therapy’. (All India 2015)
Answer:
The Shock Therapy ruined the economy and people of the entire region. The large state-controlled industrial complex almost collapsed as about 90 per cent of its industries were put for sale.

Question 7.
How was the US benefitted by the Soviet disintegration? (AH Indio 2015)
Answer:
The US benefitted by the Soviet disintegration due to the economic crisis of the USSR. The Soviet Union used much of its resources in maintaining a nuclear and military arsenal and the development of its satellite states in Eastern Europe and within the Soviet system.

Question 8.
What is the new name of the former USSR? (All Indio 2011)
Answer:
The new name of the former USSR is ‘Russia’.

Question 9.
For how many years did the Civil War continue in Tajikistan? When did it come to an end? (Delhi 2012: All India 2010)
Answer:
The Civil War in Tajikistan continued for 10 years. It came to an end in 2001.

Question 10.
The transition from an authoritarian socialist system to democratic capitalism was influenced by the IMF and the World Bank. What was this transition known as? (All India 2010)
Answer:
The transition was called ‘Shock Therapy’.

Question 11.
Which two republics of the USSR have had violent secessionist movements at the time of its disintegration? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Chechnya and Dagestan were the two republics of the USSR which have violent secessionist movements at the time of its disintegration.

Question 12.
As a result of ‘Shock Therapy’, to which economic system, each state of the Soviet bloc was gradual to be absorbed? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
As a result of ‘Shock Therapy’ each state of the Soviet bloc was gradual to be absorbed in the capitalist system.

Question 13.
On which ideology was the Soviet political system based? (All India 2008)
Answer:
The Soviet political system was based on the ideology of socialism and communism.

Question 14.
Mention the name of the Eastern alliance led by the Soviet Union. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Warsaw Pact was the name of the Eastern alliance led by the Soviet Union.

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
State any two features of the Soviet system. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Which were the two important features of the Soviet system? (All India 2013)
OR
List any two characteristics of the Soviet Union. (AH India (C) 2008)
OR
Mention any two characteristics of the Soviet political system. (Delhi 2012, 2008; All India 2008)
Answer:
The two features of the Soviet system were :

1. The Soviet system was based on state welfare where the state was engaged in mass production to meet the needs of the people.
2. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) controlled the government and dominated the political decision-making.

Question 2.
What is meant of ‘Shock Therapy’? (All India 2014,2009; Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The dissolution of the USSR was correlated with the downfall of communism in the countries which were members of the socialist bloc. These post-Soviet countries underwent a process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. The model of transition came to be called ‘Shock Therapy’. It was facilitated by the World Bank and IMF, the Bretton Woods institutions.

Question 3.
Mention any two characteristics of the Soviet economy during the Cold War days. (All Indio 2012)
Answer:
Two characteristics of the Soviet economy during the cold war days were as follows:

1. It had a complex communication network, vast energy resources including oil, iron and steel.
2. It had a domestic consumer industry that produced everything from pins to cars.

Question 4.
Why is it said that the collapse of the Berlin Wall signified the collapse of the bipolar world? (HOTS: Delhi; 2011.2009)
Answer:
The Berlin Wall was the hallmark of the Cold War. It symbolised the division between the capitalist and the communist world; a bipolar world. But, after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, people on 9th November 1989 broke the wall marking it as a symbol of unification of the East and West Germany into a single country with Berlin as its capital. The fall of the Berlin Wall was then followed by a line of events which marked the end of the Cold War and more importantly collapse of the bipolar world.

Question 5.
List any two consequences of ‘Shock Therapy’. (Delhi 2010)
OR
Mention any two negative effects of ‘Shock therapy’. (All India 2008)
Answer:
Two consequences or the two negative effects ‘Shock Therapy’ were

1. It led to the gradual dismantling of the state-owned industrial sector.
2. It destroyed the old social welfare system of the state, pushing people to the margins of the economy.

Question 6.
Why did the Soviet Union disintegrate? Highlight any two arguments in support of your answer. Delhi 2010
OR
Mention any two main reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union. (All Indio 2009)
Answer:
The USSR disintegrated because :

1. The Soviet political and economic institutions had developed internal weaknesses which defied people’s aspirations and needs.
2. Complimenting the administrative stagnation, there was an economic stagnation which cut short the consumer demand and paved the way for the market failure.

Question 7.
List any two differences between the socialist and communist parties. HOTS; All India 2008
Answer:
Differences between socialist and communist parties follow

Socialist Party	Communist Party
Socialist party believes in gradual change while	The Communist party believes in radical and fundamental change.
Socialist party aims at improvement and reform in society while	The Communist party aims at a restructuring of an entire society.

4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Describe any four consequences of ‘Shock Therapy’. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The term ‘Shock Therapy’ meant the transitional model from being a socialist country to a capitalist country influenced by the World Bank and the IMF.
Four consequences of ‘Shock Therapy’ were :

• ‘Shock Therapy’ proved to be a real shock for the Soviet economy. It brought ruin to the communist economies and the people of the region.
• It led to the collapse of the state-controlled industrial units and high scale privatisation of the government enterprises and subsequent auctioning of the state-owned industries which were called the ‘largest garage sale’ in world history.
• The value of Russian currency, Ruble declined dramatically with a soaring rate of inflation pushing people into poverty.
• The old system of social welfare was pushed to ashes with the government withdrawing subsidies.
• It widened the gap between rich and poor. It further reinforced the economic divide.

Question 2.
Explain any two reasons for the disintegration of the USSR. (Delhi 2013)
OR
Explain any four factors responsible for the disintegration of the Soviet Union. (All India 2010)
Answer:
Factors responsible for the disintegration of the Soviet Union were :

• The most important factor for the fall of the Soviet Union was a lack of proper leadership. There was no clear cut line between the party and government as there was one political party which was wielding power.
• Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of ‘Perestroika and ‘Glasnost’ proved to be disastrous for the economic health of the USSR.
• Anti-communists forces of the Soviet Union had the support of the USA and Western European countries. Gorbachev due to his liberal policies did not try to uproot these forces.
• No effort was ever made to create a socialist human being and a socialist culture.

Question 3.
Describe any four consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union. (All India 2011)
Answer:
The consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union were : (any four)

1. The disintegration of the Soviet Union meant the end of the Cold War because the Cold War was the culmination of the rivalries between the USA and the USSR. Thus, Cold War confrontations were put to an end.
2. The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a dramatic change and upheaval in the power relations which had implications for world politics. The disintegration left open the world space to be dominated by the sole superpower called the USA or to have the dominance of several powers.
3. The Bretton Woods institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund became active players in the wake of developmental needs of the second world countries as they were borrowing money from the World Bank and IMF. ‘
4. The world saw the emergence of many new countries with their own independent aspirations.
5. The Baltic states namely Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia joined the European Union and subsequently became members of the NATO.
6. Undoubtedly the significant consequence of the withering away of the USSR was the inauguration of the period of US hegemony in which capitalism was pronounced as the winner because socialism had been dead.

6 Marks Questions
Question 1.
In what three ways did the collapse of the Soviet Union affect world politics? Explain. All India 2017
OR
Examine any six consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union. (All Indio 2014,2010; Delhi 2013, 2012,2008 [C])
Answer:
For the consequences of the disintegration of the USSR,
The consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union were : (any four)

1. The disintegration of the Soviet Union meant the end of the Cold War because the Cold War was the culmination of the rivalries between the USA and the USSR. Thus, Cold War confrontations were put to an end.
2. The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a dramatic change and upheaval in the power relations which had implications for world politics. The disintegration left open the world space to be dominated by the sole superpower called the USA or to have the dominance of several powers.
3. The Bretton Woods institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund became active players in the wake of developmental needs of the second world countries as they were borrowing money from the World Bank and IMF. ‘
4. The world saw the emergence of many new countries with their own independent aspirations.
5. The Baltic states namely Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia joined the European Union and subsequently became members of the NATO.
6. Undoubtedly the significant consequence of the withering away of the USSR was the inauguration of the period of US hegemony in which capitalism was pronounced as the winner because socialism had been dead.

Question 2.
Highlight any three positive and three negative features each of the Soviet system in the Soviet Union. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
The three positive features of the Soviet system were :

1. The Soviet economy was more developed than the rest of the world except the US. It had a complex communication network, vast energy resources, machinery production and a transport system that connected its remotest areas.
2. A minimum standard of living for all Answer: citizens was ensured by the Soviet
   state and the government subsidised basic necessities including health, education, child care and other welfare schemes.
3. State ownership was given more importance. Land and productive assets were owned and controlled by the Soviet state.

The three negative features of the Soviet system were:

1. The Soviet system was very bureaucratised and authoritarian in nature. It turned the life of the people into disorder.
   Authoritarianism meant the absence of democracy and freedom of speech which angered the people.
2. The Soviet economy witnessed economic stagnation for a long time which led to market failure when demand failed to meet supply in the market for consumer goods.
3. State Treasury had spent a huge fortune on building and maintaining nuclear arsenals and in developing its satellite states in East Europe and within the Soviet system. It turned into a large economic burden for the Soviet system.

Question 3.
How did the Soviet Union suddenly disintegrated? Explain any six reasons, (All India 2016)
OR
Describe any six factors responsible for the disintegration of USSR. (Delhi 2015)
OR
Explain any three reasons for the disintegration of the USSR. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Examine any six factors which led to the disintegration of the former Soviet Union. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Following are the reasons for the disintegration of the USSR :

1. Leadership crisis It was the most important cause of the disintegration of the Soviet Union. There was no dear cut line between the party and government as there was one political party which was wielding power. The leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was placed at the helm of affairs of the government/state. The CPSU managed to impress people for a substantial period. However, later on, the leadership of the CPSU lost its sheen owing to corruption and simultaneously lost people’s confidence.

2. Gorbachev’s policies Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of Perestroika and Glasnost proved to be disastrous for the economic health of the USSR. He did not create conducive conditions for the implementation of the twin policies. Gorbachev ignored the presence of anti-community forces and did not try to uproot them from the Soviet Union.

3. Anti-communist elements had reached at its peak Gorbachev’s ignorance and his liberal outlook, in turn, strengthened the anti-communal forces in Eastern Europe. Consequently, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria and East Germany witnessed the downfall of the communist regimes. These sudden developments paved the way for the disintegration of the USSR.

4. Economic stagnation The Soviet economy remained stagnant for many years which led to severe consumer shortages. Much of the resources were used in maintaining a nuclear and military arsenal and the development of its satellite states.

5. Stagnant administration The administration and political system of the Soviet Union became stagnant. The Communist Party that ruled the Soviet Union for over 70 years was not accountable to the people. Rampant corruption, unwillingness to allow more openness in government led to the collapse of the system.

6. Rise of nationalism and desires The final and the most immediate cause for the disintegration of the USSR was the rise of nationalism and the desire for sovereignty within various republics including Russia and the Baltic Republics.

Question 4.
Describe the role of Gorbachev to reform the Soviet system and the effects of these reforms on the USSR. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Mikhail Gorbachev was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985. He initiated reforms in the Soviet system and tried to normalise relations with the West He also tried to democratise and reform the Soviet Union.

Some of the reforms initiated by Gorbachev are :

1. He introduced economic and political reform policies of ‘Perestroika’ (restructuring) and ‘glasnost’ (openness).
2. He stopped the arms race with the US by signing apart to control over nuclear weapons.
3. He withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan and Eastern Europe.
4. He helped in the unification of Germany.

The reforms initiated by Gorbachev had following effects on the USSR :

1. Common people became impatient to bring openness and restructuring of the system faster than these were scheduled in the policy of Perestroika and Glasnost.
2. Bureaucrats and communist hardliners did not want to adopt these policies, they felt their powers and luxuries would reduce.
3. As a result, Gorbachev had to suffer and subsequently, he resigned and a coup took place in 1991 in which Communist Party hardliners were on one side and the staunch supporter of restructuring on the other.
4. Gorbachev’s reform policy geared up nationalistic feelings and the desire for sovereignty within various republics including Russia and Baltic Republics.
5. People preferred the capitalist economy over the centralised economy under which they were suffering.

Question 5.
Describe the factors that make most of the former Soviet Republics prone to conflicts and threats. (Delhi 2015)
OR
Give any three examples to show that most of the former Soviet Republics were prone to conflicts and tensions. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The present-day conflicts which the post-Soviet republics are confronted with can be traced to the old days when the USSR had existed. With the downfall of the USSR, Russia has experienced high levels of ethnic conflicts pertaining to exit claims by former satellite states that rose against the idea of federation. Exit claims antagonised the state leading to a clash between the interest of the centre and the constituent states resulting in massive human right violations in Chechnya and in other regions.

The three factors that make most of the former Soviet republics prone to conflicts and threats are:

1. Chechnya conflict which began in 1994 has led to the demand for independence. It has been the bone of contention between separatists and the Government of Russia for decades. Russia has been criticised for its actions which led to the mass killing of the people in Chechnya.

2. Tajikistan conflict Tajikistan also experienced a decade long Civil War fuelled primarily by a clash between ethnic groups. It ended in 2001. The cause of the Civil War lies in the period after the end of the Cold War where the legitimacy crisis erupted after presidential elections in Tajikistan. It took the form of a Civil War.

3. Georgia conflict Like the other post-Soviet states, Georgia also fell prey to the internal conflicts and instability which had accumulated since the days of the Soviet Union. Declaring independence, Georgia witnessed two gruesome conflicts in the country. These conflicts proved to be painful for the country as it created divided societies following divergent interests.

Question 6.
If the Soviet Union had not disintegrated and the world had remained bipolar, how would that situation have affected world politics? (All India 2015)
Answer:
If the Soviet Union had not disintegrated, it would have affected world politics in the following manner:

1. The USA would not have become so powerful and its hegemony would not have been established. It would not be interfering in the world affairs more unilaterally.
2. The world would have headed towards a Third World War if there was no disintegration of USSR. The war would have been more devastating and destructive.
3. The disintegration of USSR led to the independence of many countries which were part of erstwhile USSR. This would have not been possible without the disintegration.
4. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the USA’s position in the UNO also became very strong. Almost all the decisions in UNO were taken under the influence of the USA. This situation could have been different if there was no collapse of USSR.
5. Most of the former Soviet Republics which are passing through conflicts and Civil Wars, would not have gone through this agony.
6. Accumulation of nuclear weapons would have continued endlessly.

Question 7.
What was the Soviet system? Assess any four features of the Soviet system. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The Soviet system was based on the critique of capitalism which declares that capitalism un avoiding leads never-ending impoverishment and exploitation of the masses. It stressed that capitalism can never equate itself with mass production for the satisfaction of human needs.

The Soviet system was largely pro-poor in orientation with social policies aimed at the welfare of the masses. The Soviet system was constituted after the Russian Revolution of 1917, based on equality and planned economy.

Four features of the Soviet system are :

1. In the Soviet system, the state was accorded an important role. The state was the saviour of the masses.
2. The Soviet system was an outcome of the socialist doctrine which seeks to create an egalitarian society.
3. The Soviet system’s economy was planned and controlled by the state. There were no private enterprises or industries.
4. The Soviet political system gave primacy to the Communist Party with no scope for the opposition in politics. It was a sign of authoritarianism.

Question 8.
Explain any six factors that forced Gorbachev to initiate reforms in the Soviet Union. (Delhi 2012)
OR
What were the factors that forced Gorbachev to initiate reforms in the USSR? (All Indio 2010)
Answer:
The six factors that forced Gorbachev to initiate reforms in the Soviet Union were :

1. The most important factor was to keep the USSR well aware of the revolutions taking place in the field of information and technology in the West. Gorbachev was well aware of the standard of technology in USSR.
2. Gorbachev wanted to make USSR an advanced country which could catch up with or outpace the Western countries particularly the US. It was a step for democratisation.
3. Gorbachev was a liberal in his outlook. He favoured normalisation of ties of the USSR with the rest of the world. Among his top priorities was to forge better relations with the Western countries.
4. Gorbachev faced administrative stagnation in the Soviet system because of lack of democracy coupled with mounting corruption.
5. Gorbachev derived his motivation for reforms in the need to address the legacy of the economic, social and political stagnation which took shape in the regime of Brezhnev. They marked the economic decline of the decade 1976-1985 challenged the military and political supremacy of the USSR.
6. Foreign policy complications aided by the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 compelled Gorbachev to reinvigorate the Soviet command economy to usher in the era of economic prosperity.

Question 9.
‘Although India has maintained good relations with all the post-communist countries, yet the strongest relations are still between India and Russia?’ Explain the statement with any three suitable arguments. (HOTS; Delhi 2012, 2010)
OR
Why are India’s relations with Russia considered an important aspect of India’s foreign policy? Explain. (All India 2012)
Answer:
India has maintained good relations with all the Post-Communist countries but it has the strongest relation with Russia which continues to date. Following are some arguments to support the statement:
1. Indo-Russian relation is an important segment of India’s foreign policy. The relations between these two countries are embedded in a history of trust and common interests and are matched by popular perceptions. Famous Bollywood personalities are common names in Russia.

2. Both countries share a vision of a multipolar world order. A multipolar world is the co-existence of several powers in the international system, collective security, greater regionalism, negotiated settlements of international conflicts, an independent foreign policy for all countries and decision-making through bodies like the UN.

3. From this relationship, India gets benefits on issues like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on international terrorism, access to Central Asia and balancing its relations with China. On the other hand, Russia stands to benefit from this relationship because India is the second largest arms market for Russia.
The Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia.

4. Russia is vital for India as it has repeatedly come to the assistance of India during its oil crisis. India is trying to increase its energy imports from Russia and the republics of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.

5. Apart from this, Russia is important for India’s nuclear energy plants and assisted India’s space industry. For example,
Russia has provided the cryogenic rocket when India needed it.
Dut to the above reasons, Russia is considered an important aspect of India’s foreign policy.

Question 10.
What is meant by ‘Shock therapy’? Assess its consequences on the Post-Communist regimes? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
For a meaning of Shock therapy,
The dissolution of the USSR was correlated with the downfall of communism in the countries which were members of the socialist bloc. These post-Soviet countries underwent a process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. The model of transition came to be called ‘Shock Therapy’. It was facilitated by the World Bank and IMF, the Bretton Woods institutions.

For consequences of Shock Therapy on the post-communist regimes. The term ‘Shock Therapy’ meant the transitional model from being a socialist country to a capitalist country influenced by the World Bank and the IMF.
Four consequences of ‘Shock Therapy’ were :

1. ‘Shock Therapy’ proved to be a real shock for the Soviet economy. It brought ruin to the communist economies and the people of the region.
2. It led to the collapse of the state-controlled industrial units and high scale privatisation of the government enterprises and subsequent auctioning of the state-owned industries which were called the ‘largest garage sale’ in world history.
3. The value of Russian currency, Ruble declined dramatically with a soaring rate of inflation pushing people into poverty.
4. The old system of social welfare was pushed to ashes with the government withdrawing subsidies.
5. It widened the gap between rich and poor. It further reinforced the economic divide.

Question 11.
Examine India’s relationship with the former Soviet Union during the Cold War. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
India and the former Soviet Union enjoyed a cordial relationship during the Cold War. The relation between the two was a multi-dimensional relationship

1. Economic relation During the Cold Era, India’s public sector companies were assisted by the Soviet Union. It gave aid and technical assistance for steel plants like Bhilai, Bokaro, Visakhapatnam as well as machinery plants like Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited etc. Apart from this, the Soviet Union accepted the Indian currency for trade when India was short of foreign exchange.
2. Political relation On the political front, the Soviet Union has supported India in the UN over the Kashmir issue. India got support from the Soviet Union during major conflicts especially during the war with Pakistan in 1971.
   The Soviet Union on the other hand also got indirect support from India for its foreign policy.
3. Defence relation India received its military hardware from the Soviet Union when other countries were willing to part with military technologies.
4. Culture In the Soviet Union, Hindi films and Indian culture were very popular. This has been proved as many prominent Indian writers and artists paid a visit to the USSR.

Question 12.
‘India and the USSR enjoyed a special relationship during the Cold War, which led critics to say that India was a part of the Soviet camp.’ Do you agree? Support your answer with any two arguments. (HOTS; All India 2008)
Answer:
Yes, the special relationship between India and USSR reflected this. First, India’s Non-Alignment was said to be ‘unprincipled’. In the name of pursuing its national interest. India, it was said, often refused to take a firm stand on crucial international issues.

Second, it is suggested that India was inconsistent and took contradictory postures. Having criticised others for joining alliances, India signed the Treaty of Friendship in August 1971 with the USSR for 20 years.

This was regarded, particularly by outside observers, as virtually joining the Soviet alliance system. However, the Indian Government’s view was that India needed diplomatic and possibly military support during the Bangladesh crisis and that in any case, the treaty did not stop India from having good relations with other countries including the US.

Question 13.
Examine any six characteristics of the Soviet system during 1971-1991. (All Indio (C) 2008)
Answer:
The USSR contained 15 constituent republics, it was formed on 30th December 1924 with the adoption of a federal Constitution. It was the largest country in terms of area.
Following are its six characteristics in the time period of 20 years

1. The USSR was federation only on a paper. In reality, it did not embrace the features of a federal system. The fifteen republics were denied autonomy and there was centralisation of power around Russia.
2. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) controlled the government and dominated the political decision-making. It strengthened the principle of democratic centralism which meant lack of dissent on the decisions of the upper party bodies. Thus, the single-party system was the norm.
3. The most coloured feature of the Soviet system was the propagation of socialism to oppose the effects of capitalism, though later on it was abandoned (Shock Therapy).
4. The Soviet economy was state-owned and state planned where the state was the owner of the means of production thus, there was an absence of private property.
5. The Soviet system was characterised by a complex communications network with vast energy resources like oil, iron and steel. The state has a vast network of transportation to manufacture or transport goods to remotest areas.
6. The Soviet system was based on state welfare where the state was engaged in mass production to meet the needs of the people.

Passage-Based Questions

Question 1.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions (Delhi 2016)
Each of these countries was required to make a total shift to a capitalist economy, which meant rooting out completely any structures evolved during this period. Above all, it meant that private ownership was to be the dominant pattern of ownership of property. Privatisation of state assets and corporate ownership patterns were to be immediately brought in. Collective farms were to be replaced by private farming and capitalism in agriculture. This transition rules out any alternate or ‘third way’.
(i) Name any two countries which were required to make a total shift?
(ii) Why were the collective farms to be replaced by private farming?
(iii) Since the ‘third way’ has been ruled out, what were the only two ways of controlling the economy?
Answer:
(i) Two countries which were required to make a total shift were Russia and Kazakhstan.
(ii) The collective farms were replaced by private farming for making private ownership as a dominant pattern of ownership of property.
(iii) The only two ways of controlling the economy were capitalist’economy and ‘Shock therapy’.

Question 2.
The value of the Ruble declined dramatically. The rate of inflation was so high that people lost all their savings. The collective farm system disintegrated leaving people without food security, and the government started to import food. The old trading structure broke down with no alternative in its place. The old system of social welfare was systematically destroyed. The withdrawal of government subsidies pushed large sections of the people into poverty. (All India 2016)
(i) What is meant by subsidy?
(ii) How did the disintegration of the collective farm system lead to the loss of food security?
(iii) This passage is associated with which country? Why did the government start importing food?
Answer:
(i) A subsidy is a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low.
(ii) The disintegration of the collective farm system led to capitalism in agriculture which left people without food security because state-sponsored subsidies, food grains etc to poor were put to an end under a capitalist system.
(iii) The given passage is associated with Russia. The government started importing food to meet the shortage of food.

Question 3.
Study the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow (All India 2013)
The collapse of communism was followed in most of these countries by a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. Privatisation of state assets and corporate ownership patterns were to be immediately brought in.
(i) Why has the process of transition been ’ described as painful?
(ii) Which political system existed before the transition and which system replaced it, if any?
(iii) What does privatisation imply?
Answer:
(i) The transition has been described as painful because it underlined the collapse of communism which was followed by a shift from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic system.
(ii) An authoritarian political system crystallised by the socialist model of development had existed before the transition. It was replaced by a democratic capitalist system.
(iii) Privatisation means a reduction in state planning whereby state resorts to disinvestment and encourages private ownership of property and means of production.

We hope the Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity help you. If you have any query regarding Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

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On The Face of It Important Questions CBSE Class 12 English

On The Face of It Important Questions Short Answer Type Questions (3-4 Marks)

Question 1.
What qualities of Mr. Lamb attracted Derry to him? (All India 2009)
Answer:
Derry suffers from a terrible complex. But his meeting with Mr. Lamb is a turning point in his life. He gives confidence to Derry and encourages him to develop a positive attitude towards life. Derry’s life now has a new meaning and purpose and for this all the credit goes to Mr. Lamb’s motivation and words of encouragement.

Question 2.
What did Derry’s mother think of Mr. Lamb? (All India 2009)
Answer:
Derry’s mother did not think very highly of Mr. Lamb and claimed to have heard not really good things about him. She had been told and warned by people about Mr. Lamb and so she tells Derry not to go back to him. She also tried to hold him back but he does go back to Mr. Lamb.

Question 3.
What consolation did people give when they saw his acid burnt face? (Comptt. Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Derry’s face was burnt by acid on one side. When people saw Derry’s acid burnt face they tried to console him by telling him fairy tales. They said that it was not important what he looked like. Derry knew that people lied and showed sympathy only to comfort him and that he would not change and would continue to look like a ‘monstrous beast’.

Question 4.
Mr. Lamb told Derry the story of a man who hid himself in his room. Why did the man do so and with what result? (Comptt. All India 2010)
Answer:
Mr. Lamb told Derry the incident of a timid man who hid himself in his room and refused to come out lest he should meet some fatal accident. But, ironically, he died in his room itself because a picture hanging on the wall fell off it, landed on his head and killed him.

Question 5.
Why does Mr. Lamb leave his gate always open? (All India 2011)
Answer:
Mr. Lamb always keeps his gate open because he does not mind strangers entering his house, He is an extremely social person and is ever ready to welcome anyone who enters his garden.

Question 6.
How does Mr. Lamb keep himself busy when it is a bit cool? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
When it gets a bit cool Mr. Lamb pulls down the ripe crab apples from the trees with the help of a ladder and a stick. He then makes jelly from them as that is a good time of the year to pick and make jelly out of orange and golden crab apples.

Question 7.
What peculiar things does Derry notice about the old man, Lamb? (All India 2012)
Answer:
Derry thinks that the old man. Mr. Lamb, is peculiar and says peculiar things. Derry notices that although Mr. Lamb talks about his friends he has not seen anyone visiting the old man, who lives all by himself. Even when he asks Mr. Lamb to name his friends, Mr. Lamb fails to give him any name. Mr. Lamb refuses to admit his loneliness. Also he asks Derry questions he does not understand. There are no curtains at the windows in his house. He likes the light and darkness and hears the wind with the window open.

Question 8.
Who was Derry? What did he suffer from? (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Derry is a complex-ridden fourteen year old boy. He is a victim of inferiority complex after acid accidently spilled and burnt one side of his face. His handicap has filled him with bitterness and so Derry suffers more on account of the pain that his own views of how everyone hates him, causes him.

Question 9.
If you were to give a different ending to the story, ‘On The Face of It’ how would you end it? (All India 2013)
Answer:
I would rather want the story ‘On the Face of It’ to end with a happy reunion between Mr. Lamb and Derry wherein the two become good friends with one another. Mr. Lamb should continue to influence Derry positively and put him in a position where he is able to befriend others despite his handicap.

Question 10.
As told by Mr. Lamb, why did a man lock himself up in his room and what happened to him? (Comptt. Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The man locked himself up in his room as he was afraid of everything in this world. So he went into his room and locked the door, got into his bed and stayed there. Finally a picture fell off the wall on to his head and killed him.

Question 11.
In what sense is the friendship between Mr. Lamb and Derry fruitful? (Comptt. Delhi 2014)
Answer:
After his meeting with Mr. Lamb, Derry is gradually able to shed his complexes and rediscover the joys of life. Mr. Lamb gives confidence and motivates him to move forward in life. Derry’s short interaction with Mr. Lamb leaves an indelible imprint on the young boy’s mind and his attitude towards life undergoes a drastic change.

Question 12.
Why did Mr. Lamb help Derry? (Comptt. All India 2014)
Answer:
Mr. Lamb and Derry are united by the bond of loneliness and alienation they share on account of their physical disabilities. Mr. Lamb lost a leg in the war and has a tin leg while Derry has an acid burn on one side of his face. Mr. Lamb inspires Derry by telling him not to focus on the shortcomings of life and his handicap and instead he should try to enjoy the blessings of life. He persuades him to develop a positive attitude and move forward in life.

Question 13.
Why did Derry insist that he would go back to Mr. Lamb? (Comptt. Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Derry insisted that he would go back to Mr. Lamb as he opened a new world of thought and wisdom for Derry. Derry was comfortable and happy in Mr. Lamb’s company and completely forgot his handicap. He felt he too could live an independent life as he had all his faculties intact.

Question 14.
How did Derry’s handicap damage his life? (Comptt. All India 2015)
Answer:
Due to his handicap, his burnt face, Derry suffered from an acute lack of self-regard and rejection. He did not like being with people because they constantly reminded him of his ugliness and so he stayed away from them. He felt he was too ugly to be liked and loved by anyone so he became a recluse.

Question 15.
Why does Derry stay away from people? (Comptt. All India 2015)
Answer:
Derry suffers from an acute sense of complex after one side of his face got burnt by acid. He stays away from people who constantly remind him of his ugliness. He does not like to see people shirking from him because he is ugly. He feels rejected and unwanted.

Question 16.
What does Mr. lamb try to tell Derry through the example of a weed and a flower? (Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:
Through the example of a weed and a flower Mr. Lamb speaks against discrimination and the futility of appearance. He tells Derry that people should have a broader perception and positive attitude towards life. He does not want Derry to feel an outcast so he says all living things are the same and should be given respect.

Question 17.
How does Mr. Lamb react when Derry enters his garden? (All India 2017)
Answer:
Mr. Lamb realizes that Derry is startled by his presence in the garden. So he tries to pacify the young lad with his reassuring and kind words. He tells Derry that he does not mind strangers entering his garden and so Derry should not be afraid of anything.

Question 18.
Who was Derry? What problems did he have? (Comptt. All India 2017)
Answer:
Derry is a complex-ridden fourteen year old boy. He is a victim of inferiority complex after acid accidentally spilled and burnt one side of his face. His handicap has filled him with bitterness and so Derry suffers more on account of the pain that his own views of how everyone hates him, causes him. Mr. Lamb has a garden that is full of fruits, flowers and trees and herbs of all sorts. He likes his garden because it attracts young children and he gets a sense of pleasure in pulling down the ripe crab apples from the trees and making jelly for the children who visit his garden.

On The Face of It Important Questions Long Answer Type Questions (5-6 Marks)

Question 19.
How did Mr. Lamb try to give courage and confidence to Derry? (All India 2010 )
Answer:
Derry suffers from an acute sense of self-hatred and rejection because of his burnt face. He feels he is very ugly because of which no one will ever love him. Mr. Lamb too has heard Derry only complain and bemoan about himself. He feels very sad to see a fourteen year old boy giving up on life just because of his physical disability. Mr. Lamb at first startles Derry with his strange talk. He tells Derry he is interested in everything created by God. His encouraging words have a magical effect on Derry. Mr. Lamb’s conversation that everyone and everything is essentially the same, the notion of beauty is relative and his concept of the world and friendship baffle but appeal to Derry and he gets fascinated by the old man. Slowly he sheds his complex about his ugliness and rediscovers the joys of life.

Question 20.
The lesson, ‘On The Face of It’, is an apt depiction of the loneliness and sense of alienation experienced by people on account of a disability. Explain. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The lesson ‘On the Face of It’ aptly depicts the loneliness and sense of alienation experienced by Derry and Mr. Lamb on account of a disability. The actual pain and inconvenience caused by the disabilities is often much less than the sense of alienation felt by the disabled person. Derry suffered from severe negative complexes because of his burnt face. He became a pessimistic loner who indulged in self pity and was always suspicious of the intention of others. His anger and frustration made him withdrawn and an introvert. Mr. Lamb, on the other hand, was inwardly a loner who craved for company and acceptance. Though outwardly he was always jovial, outgoing and optimistic, he was an extremely sensitive person. Derry and Mr. Lamb’s physical disabilities caused pain and suffering not only to their body but also to their mind and soul.

Question 21.
How did Mr. Lamb’s meeting with Derry become a turning point in Derry’s life? (Comptt. Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Derry, a complex-stricken lad of fourteen, is a victim of inferiority complex which is borne out of a misinterpretation of himself and the world. He suffers from an acute sense of self-hatred and rejection due to his burnt face and this leads him to total alienation. Mr. Lamb too has a disability, a tin leg, but he never allows his handicap to interfere with the pace and pleasure of his life. Mr. Lamb’s meeting with Derry brings a turning point in the latter’s life. He gives Derry confidence and persuades him to develop a positive attitude towards life. His message to Derry is very clear. Alienation and withdrawal is not the solution. Derry believes in running away from people but Mr. Lamb lives among people. Derry’s brief association with Mr. Lamb proves to be quite rewarding. Mr. Lamb teaches him a new perspective of looking at life, people and things. Derry decides never to get back to his old seclusion. His burnt face will no longer interfere with his self-respect, poise and confidence. He will gradually learn to find his place in the mainstream of life. Mr. Lamb helps Derry rediscover himself and gives a new meaning to his life. Now Derry wants to leave his handicap behind, forge ahead in life and live life to the fullest.

Question 22.
What is the bond that unites the two—the old Mr. Lamb and Derry, the small boy? How does the old man inspire the small boy? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The bond that unites Mr. Lamb and Derry is the loneliness and alienation they experience on account of their physical disabilities. Mr. Lamb lost a leg in the war and has a tin leg while Derry has an acid bum on one cheek which gives him an ugly appearance. The actual pain and inconvenience caused by a disability is often much less than the sense of estrangement felt by a disabled person. But, unlike Derry, Mr. Lamb always maintains a positive attitude towards life and is a downright extrovert.

Mr. Lamb inspires Derry by telling him not to focus on the shortcomings of life and his handicap and instead he should try to enjoy the blessings of life. He tells him to be thankful to God for two arms, two legs, two eyes and ears, a tongue and a brain and advises him to be friendly with everyone around him. Mr. Lamb’s inexplicable words of wisdom inspire Derry and towards the end of the story we see him rushing back to Mr. Lamb’s garden to adopt the attitude and path that have been shown by him. Derry’s long conversation with Mr. Lamb helps him overcome his inferiority complex and poor self-esteem.

Question 23.
Derry said, “It (acid) ate me up.” How did this fact affect his attitude towards life? (Comptt. All India 2013)
Answer:
Derry’s attitude towards life becomes totally bitter after the acid bums one side of his face. He suffers from a sense of alienation, low selfesteem and self rejection. Derry’s suffering is further aggravated by the feeling that he is unwanted and no one loves him. His behaviour also results from people’s indifference, lack of concern and compassion for physically impaired people. He feels their words of sympathy lack genuineness and so he feels very hurt when they unwittingly remind him of his impairment. Derry always remains very conscious of his handicap. He says that no one will ever love him because he will continue to look ugly. He does not like Mr. Lamb’s sermonizing as he feels that it or anything else cannot change the ugliness of his face. Thus Derry feels a terrible sense of frustration and loneliness due to his severely burnt face.

Question 24.
What benefits did Derry reap from his association with Mr. Lamb? (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Derry reaped many benefits from his association with Mr. Lamb. He was able to get rid of the habit of self-pity. He started understanding others’ perspective and admired Mr. Lamb’s views of life and his outlook on life. Derry understood that his physical handicap, his acid-burnt face was not the only important thing, there were other important things in life. Derry became more confident of himself. He learnt to appreciate nature and his
surroundings and to think objectively. He stopped paying attention to what people thought of him. Mr. Lamb advised Derry to wait, watch and listen and to try to know himself. All this helped Derry to overcome his complex and face the world confidently.

Question 25.
Both Derry and Lamb are physically impaired and lonely. It is the responsibility of society to understand and support people with infirmities so that they do not suffer from a sense of alienation. As a responsible citizen, write in about 100 words what you would do to bring about a change in the lives of such people. (All India 2014)
Answer:
As a responsible citizen it is my responsibility towards society to understand and support people with infirmities. I will always try to be supportive and considerate towards them. I will treat them as equals and encourage them to take part in all activities. It will be my endeavour to ensure that they do not suffer from a sense of alienation and I will also advocate inclusive education for them. Campaigning for their social acceptance, I will raise hope and encouragement for their empowerment. It is the duty of each one of us to bring about a change in the lives of people who are physically impaired and lonely.

Question 26.
What change took place in Derry when he met Mr. Lamb? (Comptt. Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Mr. Lamb’s meeting with Derry a complex- stricken lad with a burnt face becomes a turning point in Derry’s life. Mr. Lamb teaches Derry to look positively at the world and love and admire everything he sees and hears. He encourages Derry to make friends with people and not to be bothered by their comments. He reminds Derry that he can live a normal life as he has two legs, two hands, two eyes, two ears and a brain like everyone else. Mr. Lamb warns Derry against hating people. Derry notices that despite his handicap Mr. Lamb lives a normal independent life. His life and attitude attract Derry and he now becomes determined to live and face the world boldly. He becomes more confident of himself and gets rid of his habit of ‘self-pity’.

Derry reaped many benefits from his association with Mr. Lamb. He was able to get rid of the habit of self-pity. He started understanding others’ perspective and admired Mr. Lamb’s views of life and his outlook on life. Derry understood that his physical handicap, his acid-burnt face was not the only important thing, there were other important things in life. Derry became more confident of himself. He learnt to appreciate nature and his
surroundings and to think objectively. He stopped paying attention to what people thought of him. Mr. Lamb advised Derry to wait, watch and listen and to try to know himself. All this helped Derry to overcome his complex and face the world confidently.

Question 27.
Derry sneaked into Mr. Lamb’s garden and it became a turning point in his life. Comment. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Derry, a complex-stricken lad of fourteen, is a victim of inferiority complex which is borne out of a misinterpretation of himself and the world. He suffers from an acute sense of self-hatred and rejection due to his burnt face and this leads him to total alienation. Mr. Lamb too has a disability, a tin leg, but he never allows his handicap to interfere with the pace and pleasure of his life. Mr. Lamb’s meeting with Derry brings a turning point in the latter’s life. He gives Derry confidence and persuades him to develop a positive attitude towards life. His message to Derry is very clear. Alienation and withdrawal is not the solution. Derry believes in running away from people but Mr. Lamb lives among people. Derry’s brief association with Mr. Lamb proves to be quite rewarding. Mr. Lamb teaches him a new perspective of looking at life, people and things. Derry decides never to get back to his old seclusion. His burnt face will no longer interfere with his self-respect, poise and confidence. He will gradually learn to find his place in the mainstream of life. Mr. Lamb helps Derry rediscover himself and gives a new meaning to his life. Now Derry wants to leave his handicap behind, forge ahead in life and live life to the fullest.

Question 28.
Both Derry and Lamb are victims of physical impairment, but much more painful for them is the feeling of loneliness. Comment. (All India 2016)
Answer:
As a responsible citizen it is my responsibility towards society to understand and support people with infirmities. I will always try to be supportive and considerate towards them. I will treat them as equals and encourage them to take part in all activities. It will be my endeavour to ensure that they do not suffer from a sense of alienation and I will also advocate inclusive education for them. Campaigning for their social acceptance, I will raise hope and encouragement for their empowerment. It is the duty of each one of us to bring about a change in the lives of people who are physically impaired and lonely.

Question 29.
Who was Mr. Lamb? How did he make Derry gain confidence and come out of his shell? (Comptt. Delhi 2017)
Answer:
Mr. Lamb is an elderly gentleman who suffers from a physical handicap. He has a tin leg because his leg had been blown off in the war. The children tease him by calling him “Lamey Lamb” but he does not mind it.
Derry suffers from an acute sense of self-hatred and rejection because of his burnt face. He feels he is very ugly and so no one will love him. Mr. Lamb too has heard Derry only complain and bemoan about himself. He feels very sad to see a fourteen year old boy giving up on life just because of his physical disability. Mr. Lamb at first startles Derry with his strange talk. He tells Derry he is interested in everything created by God. His encouraging words have a magical effect on Derry. Mr. Lamb’s conversation that everyone and everything is essentially the same, the notion of beauty is relative and his concept of the world and friendship baffle but appeal to Derry and he is fascinated by the old man. Mr. Lamb inspires Derry by telling him not to focus on the shortcomings of life and his handicap and instead he should try to enjoy the blessings of life. He tells him to be thankful to God for two arms, two legs, two eyes and ears, a tongue and a brain and advises him to be friendly with everyone around him. Derry’s long conversation with Mr. Lamb helps him overcome his inferiority complex and poor selfesteem.

Important Questions for Class 12 English

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Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 13 Human Development is part of Geography Class 12 Important Questions. Here we have given Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 13 Human Development.

Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 13 Human Development

1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Name the state of India with highest literacy rate as 2011 census. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
As per 2011 census, Kerala has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91% of its literacy.

Question 2.
Which state of India has its highest rank in the Human Development Index (HDI) value? (All India 2014)
OR
Which state of India has its highest rank in the Human Development Index (HDI) value? What is the HDI value of that state? (AH India 2012)
Answer:
Kerala ranks first with an HDI value of 0.92 among Indian states in terms of human development.

Question 3.
Which state of India has the lowest female literacy rate? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The state of Bihar has the lowest female literacy rate of 53.33% in India.

Question 4.
Define the term’ ‘Poverty’. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Poverty refers to the condition of a person in which he is unable to earn enough to fulfil his basic needs like house, food and others.

Question 5.
Which state of India has the lowest literacy rate? Mention its literacy rate also. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
According to the 2001 Census, Bihar has the lowest literacy rate of 47.55%. In 2011 census, again it has the lowest percentage i.e. 63.82%.

Question 6.
Name two states of India which have less than 5% of the population below the poverty line. (All Indio 2009)
Answer:
The two states in India which have less than 5% of the population below the poverty line are:

• Goa
• Jammu and Kashmir

Question 7.
What is the rank of India in Human Development Index (HDI) among the countries of the world in 2005? (Delhi 2D08)
Answer:
India ranked 127th in Human Development index among the 172 countries of the world in 2005.

5 Marks Questions

Question 8.
“Development is general and human development, in particular, is a complex concept used in social science”. Justify this statement with suitable arguments, (HOTS,- Delhi 2015)
Answer:
The given concept is really a complex one because development was considered as an important concept that will achieve all the goals of human life and its security will address all the socio-cultural and environmental ills of the society. It happened in a significant way as development brought improvement in the quality of life and made many differences in before and today’s world.

But, it simultaneously brought regional disparities, deprivations, discrimination, social inequalities, abuse of human rights, undermining human values, displacement of people and environmental degradation. After considering the deep-seated disparities and prejudices, the UNDP in its Human Development Report, 1993 tried to amend these issues.

Human Development Report, 1993 gave more emphasis on people’s participation and their security. It also set a minimum condition for human development by encouraging progressive democratisation and increasing empowerment of people.

The aim behind people’s participation is to bring peace, harmony and equitable human development in societies. In this direction, the civil societies can act smartly by working for building up opinion for a reduction in the military expenditure, demobilisation of armed forces, transition from defence to production of basic goods and services and particularly disarmament and reduction in nuclear warheads by developed countries.

Question 9.
Define the term ‘human development’. Why is human development necessary? Explain any four reasons. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Human development refers to the process of widening and providing more choices to people, providing them more opportunities of education, healthcare, empowerment while covering all the choices from the physical environment to economic, social and political freedom.

Human development is necessary because of the following reasons:

1. The human development approach focusses on improving the lives of people rather than assuming that economic growth will lead automatically to greater opportunities for all.
2. Human development is about giving people more freedom and opportunities to live lives they value, e.g. educating people, especially to girls.
3. Human Development creates the right conditions for all. For eg. create environmental sustainability or equality between men and women. Once, the basics of human development are achieved, they open up opportunities for progress in other aspects of life.
4. It also helps to create awareness among people towards their responsibilities as a citizen and human being to build up opinion for a reduction in the military expenditure, demobilisation of armed forces, disarmament and all those activities which are responsible for civil disturbances.

Question 10.
What is human development? Explain with examples two major factors which have caused spatial variations in the levels of human development among the major states of India. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Human development is a process of enlarging the range of people’s choices, increasing their opportunities for education, health care, income and empowerment and covering the full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic, social and political freedom.

Thus, enlarging the range of people’s choices is the most significant aspect of human development. People’s choices may involve a host of other issues, but, living a long and healthy life, to be educated and have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living including political freedom, guaranteed human: rights and personal self-respect, etc. These are considered as some of the non-negotiable aspects of human development.

The two major factors which have caused spatial variations in the levels of human development among the major states in India are as follows:

Socio-Political Higher number of literates is one of the main reasons for Kerala having highest HDI value. On the other hand, Bihar, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Assam and Uttar Pradesh have the low composite value of HDI because of their/lowest literacy rate.

Economic Development There is a wide economic difference in backward states like Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and developed states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab and Haryana. Developed states have higher HDI composite value than poor states.

Map-Based Question

Question 11.
On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols.
(i) The state having the highest literacy rate. (Delhi 2014.2013)
OR
A state having the highest female literacy rate. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
(i) Kerala

Value Based Questions

Question 12.
“Development in general and human development, in particular, is a complex concept used in Social Science”. Give the values that add to human development.
Answer:
Following values will add to the Human Development are:

• Nationalism
• Social awareness
• Community awareness

Question 13.
“Human Development is a process of widening did provide them with more opportunities for education”. Give the values that can seep in this statement.
Answer:
Following values can be seen in this statement:

• Patriotism
• Community welfare
• Social opportunities

We hope the Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 13 Human Development help you. If you have any query regarding Geography Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 13 Human Development, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

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